Neuronal Compensation and Plasticity in the Cerebral Cortex of Down Syndrome Associated with Mental Retardation and Dementia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Miwa TAKASHIMA ◽  
Satoru KAI ◽  
Seiichiro TAKAHASHI ◽  
Takafumi FUJIMOTO ◽  
Masahiro YOKOO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Mental Retardation

scholarly journals Use of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods to Model Kuwait Medical Genetic Center Data: An Application to Down Syndrome and Mental Retardation

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Reem Aljarallah ◽  
Samer A Kharroubi
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chain Monte Carlo ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Deviance Information Criterion ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Medical Genetic

Logit, probit and complementary log-log models are the most widely used models when binary dependent variables are available. Conventionally, these models have been frequentists. This paper aims to demonstrate how such models can be implemented relatively quickly and easily from a Bayesian framework using Gibbs sampling Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation methods in WinBUGS. We focus on the modeling and prediction of Down syndrome (DS) and Mental retardation (MR) data from an observational study at Kuwait Medical Genetic Center over a 30-year time period between 1979 and 2009. Modeling algorithms were used in two distinct ways; firstly, using three different methods at the disease level, including logistic, probit and cloglog models, and, secondly, using bivariate logistic regression to study the association between the two diseases in question. The models are compared in terms of their predictive ability via R2, adjusted R2, root mean square error (RMSE) and Bayesian Deviance Information Criterion (DIC). In the univariate analysis, the logistic model performed best, with R2 (0.1145), adjusted R2 (0.114), RMSE (0.3074) and DIC (7435.98) for DS, and R2 (0.0626), adjusted R2 (0.0621), RMSE (0.4676) and DIC (23120) for MR. In the bivariate case, results revealed that 7 and 8 out of the 10 selected covariates were significantly associated with DS and MR respectively, whilst none were associated with the interaction between the two outcomes. Bayesian methods are more flexible in handling complex non-standard models as well as they allow model fit and complexity to be assessed straightforwardly for non-nested hierarchical models.

Implicit Memory in Aging Adults With Mental Retardation With and Without Down Syndrome

2003 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon J. Krinsky-McHale ◽  
Darlynne A. Devenny ◽  
Phyllis Kittler ◽  
Wayne Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Aging Adults

scholarly journals Risk Factors With Intravenous Sedation for Patients With Disabilities

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiro Yoshikawa ◽  
Yoh Tamaki ◽  
Hisa Okumura ◽  
Zenzo Miwa ◽  
Masaaki Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Intravenous Sedation ◽  
Dental Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Delayed Recovery

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with low peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and delayed recovery of dental patients with disabilities after intravenous sedation. A total of 1213 patients with disabilities were retrospectively investigated with respect to demographic parameters and sedation conditions. Multivariate logistic analyses were conducted for patients with an SpO2 <90% and a recovery period of >60 minutes to identify the risk factors for poor sedation conditions. A significant odds ratio related to decreased SpO2 was observed for age, sex, midazolam and propofol levels, concurrent use of nitrous oxide, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and mental retardation. The most problematic patients were those diagnosed with Down syndrome (odds ratio, 3.003–7.978; 95% confidence interval; P < .001). Decision tree analysis showed an increased risk of decreased SpO2 in males with Down syndrome or after administration of >0.493 mg/kg propofol in combination with midazolam. An increased risk of delayed awakening was seen in patients aged less than 21 years and in males administered >0.032 mg/kg of midazolam. Intravenous sedation for dental patients with disabilities, particularly those with cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or mental retardation, increases the risk of decreased SpO2. In addition, delayed recovery is expected after midazolam administration.

Dramatic Improvement in down Syndrome—Associated Cognitive Impairment with Donepezil

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuro Kondoh ◽  
Nagisa Amamoto ◽  
Tomoki Doi ◽  
Hitomi Hamada ◽  
Yoji Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Progressive Dementia ◽  
Severe Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Soft Stool

OBJECTIVE: To report 2 cases of patients with Down syndrome and severe cognitive impairment who gained dramatic improvements in quality of life (QOL) upon donepezil treatment. CASE SUMMARIES: Case 1. A 38-year-old woman with Down syndrome, diagnosed with secondary progressive dementia when her mental state had deteriorated rapidly after graduation from junior high school, started donepezil treatment. The loading dose was 3 mg/day and was increased to 5 mg/day for maintenance. One month after the dose was increased, adverse effects such as soft stool and urinary incontinence appeared. These adverse effects disappeared when the dose was decreased again to 3 mg/day. Her QOL improved dramatically with this minimal dose. She recovered verbal and written communication skills that she had lost for the past 21 years. Case 2. A 22-year-old man with Down syndrome, who had been diagnosed as having severe mental retardation, was put on donepezil therapy. Both loading and maintenance doses were 3 mg/day. His QOL had also dramatically improved, with some recovery in verbal communication. Transient agitation/violence and transient muscle weakness appeared during the first few months of treatment. DISCUSSION: Patients with Down syndrome may be more sensitive to donepezil therapy than others and may benefit from this medicine, although they may also have adverse effects more frequently. CONCLUSIONS: Donepezil may be a useful medicine for some patients with Down syndrome with severe cognitive impairment or mental retardation if the adverse effects are manageable.

Comparison of Postural Control of Children with down Syndrome and Those with other Forms of Mental Retardation

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Kokubun ◽  
Takashi Shinmyo ◽  
Mizue Ogita ◽  
Keiichi Morita ◽  
Masaki Furuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Center Of Foot Pressure ◽  
The Mean

To confirm the 1994 findings of Okuzumi, Haishi, and Kokubun, the displacement of the center of foot pressure, one-foot balance and bead sway were measured in children with Down syndrome ( n = 11) compared to those with other types of mental retardation ( n = 17). The magnitudes of the displacement of the center of foot pressure and head sway were not significantly different between the Down group and other forms of mental retardation, whereas the performance of one-foot balance was significantly lower in the Down group. The mean frequencies of sway waves were generally higher in the Down group, and the differences between the two groups were significant except for sagittal head sway. The results generally supported the prior findings. We proposed that it was not the magnitude of the displacement of the center of foot pressure but rather the manner of the whole body's sway which might be related to postural control.

On the cause of mental retardation in Down syndrome: extrapolation from full and segmental trisomy 16 mouse models

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Galdzicki ◽  
Richard Siarey ◽  
Rosalyn Pearce ◽  
James Stoll ◽  
Stanley I. Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Trisomy 16
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