scholarly journals The relationship between the cost of labor and the efficiency of their use in transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Abroskin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
New Method ◽  
National Project ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Productivity Increase ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor

The article deals with the problem of low labor productivity in Russia and the possibility of its increase. The author analyzes the main parameters of the National project «Increasing labor productivity and supporting employment» and concludes about the lack of efficiency. It is proposed to bring the price of labor to the real cost of labor as the main factor of labor productivity increase in the economy as a whole and on land transport. The article presents a new method of its calculation developed by the author.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Reliability Costs Toward INA-CBGS Rates in Patients With Hypertension in Pandan Arang Boyolali District Hospital In 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Isma Oktadiana
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The Cost

In Indonesia, the incidence of hypertension ranged from 6-15% and many patients are still not reached by health services, especially in rural areas. The research purposes to determine patterns of treatment of hypertension, the average cost of treatment, the factors that affect the total cost, and the cost of compliance with the real cost of the package INA-CBGs. The study was an observational cross-sectional study design according to the perspective of the hospital. Method of data collection was done in retrosfektif and data derived from quantitative data. Subjects were inpatients suffering from hypertension without comorbidities and hypertension with comorbid diabetes mellitus, heart failure and kidney failure. The results showed significant differences with the INA-CBG rates on total costs in outpatients differed significantly in 79 samples, while the real cost of Rp 335,145 was greater than the INA-CBGs rate of Rp. 181,400, while inpatients differed significantly in 63 samples at the grade I, grade 3, 2, 1 severity of Rp. Rp. , Rp. 1,438,069, Rp. 1,498,683, Rp. 2,000,685, the severity level II class 3 and class 1 was Rp. 1,540,134, Rp. 2,866,200, III and grade 1 III severity levels of Rp. 1,586,617 and Rp. 3,439,500. This difference shows a positive difference, where the total real cost is more.

Estimating the real cost of adjuvant (A) trastuxumab (T) in patients(pts) with HER-2+ (H+) early stage breast cancer (ESBC)

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6081-6081
Author(s):  
E. Wilson ◽  
J. Crown ◽  
J. Ballot ◽  
D. McDonnell ◽  
E. Sheehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Relapse Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Molecular Therapies ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Dose Dense ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

6081 Background: Pts with H+ metastatic (M) ESBC have a high risk of relapse. T has been reported to reduce the risk of relapse for pts with H+ESBC by approximately 50% when combined with A chemotherapy (CT). We attempted to study the real cost of AT in the context of current use of T in MBC (MT), and of the predicted reduction in the risk of relapse. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the mean per pt cost of AT and MT, and standard ACT in St. Vincent’s Hospital. The costs/pt for AT and MT were €34k, and €47k respectively, and for the listed agents in standard A: docetaxel(D)-8.8k, paclitaxel(P)-7.4 k, filgrastim(G)-9.3 k. Based on published/presented data (BCIRG 001), we assumed a 35% risk for relapse at five years for pts with H+BC receiving conventional A, and a 50% risk reduction (RR) for AT, giving an absolute benefit of 17.5%. We then devised an equation to calculate the Crp for AT: Crp=[a-M(NRA/104)]/[NRA/104] where a = cost per pt for treatment (Tx) with AT, M = cost per pt for Tx with T in MBC, N = % of pts relapsing after standard A, RA = % reduction in the risk of relapse after Tx with AT (over standard A). Results: The corresponding real T costs/100 pts for the following reductions in relapse rate would be:25%-€3.4m 50%-€2.6m-, 80%-€2.1m, 100%-€1.8m. The Crp for AT with a 50% reduction in relapse rate is €147k. With a 100% reduction in the RR we estimate the Crp to be €50k. We studied D (D-BCIRG 001), P (P-CALGB 9344) and G (G-CALGB 9741 dose-dense), and noted the following published absolute relapse reductions for these tx: D-7%, P-5% and G-4%. The following costs per relapse prevented were calculated: P-148 k; G-231k; D-126k. Conclusions: Using the equation, the real cost per relapse prevented of AT can be calculated, and comparisons made with the cost-effectiveness of other accepted A. Assuming no re-treatment with MT, AT appears to be a relatively cost-efficient means of reducing relapses. Reports of the efficacy of short AT regimens suggest the possibility of even greater cost-effectiveness. This equation could possibly be used to calculate the cost effectiveness of other novel A molecular therapies. [Table: see text]

Estimating the real cost of adjuvant (adj) trastuzumab (T) in patients (pts) with HER-2+ (H+) early stage breast cancer (ESBC): Potential impact of reduced use of expensive oncology drugs (EOD) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6534-6534
Author(s):  
R. O'Cearbhaill ◽  
E. Wilson ◽  
A. deFrein ◽  
Z. Qadir ◽  
D. McDonnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Societal Cost ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

6534 Background: Pts with H+ early stage BC have an approximately 35% risk of developing MBC (BCIRG001). T has been reported to reduce this risk by 33–50%, but costs approximately €;30k per pt, a burden some health systems deem unsustainable. This risk reduction might however result in decreased utilization of EOD in MBC, lowering the societal cost of adjT. We attempted to estimate the cost per relapse prevented (Crp), and the real cost of adjT, allowing for potential savings in prevented cases of MBC. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the mean cost per pt of AdjT (1 year) and of EOD in MBC in St. Vincent's University Hospital. We devised an equation to calculate the Crp for adj T. Crp=[A-M(NRA/104)]/[NRA/104] where A = cost per pt for adjT, M = EOD cost per pt with MBC, N = % of pts relapsing after standard adj treatment, RA = % reduction in the risk of relapse after adjT (over standard adj). Results: H+ pts with MBC received T (average 34 cycles €;2,400 each) with a combination of the following drugs: docetaxel (x8 €;1,500), gemcitabine (x5 €;1,215), capecitabine (x8 €;400), vinorelbine ( x19 €;187). Only 2 pts received bevacizumab (Bev) (x15 €;3,000). In our unit the mean EOD cost per pt with MBC was €;108k. The cost per relapse prevented for a 33% and a 50% reduction in relapse rate would be €;152k and €;63k, respectively. Furthermore, assuming a 50% reduction in the rate of relapse (from 35 to 17.5%) the real cost of adjT per pt treated is not €;30k, but approximates €;11k (€;30k×100-{17.5x €;108k}). Conclusions: The reduced utilization of EOD in MBC likely has a very beneficial impact on the societal cost of adjT. Confirmation of the efficacy of shorter adjT (e.g. FinnHer) would produce further benefit. The increasing use of novel EOD in MBC e.g. Bev would make adjT even more cost-effective. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Cost of World War II to the Soviet People: A Research Note

1978 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Millar ◽  
Susan J. Linz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Income ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Although the total real cost of World War II to the Soviet people has yet to be fully tallied, there can be little doubt that it exceeds that of any other major participant, per capita as well as absolutely. The objective of this paper is to compare and evaluate the real war costs reported by the Soviets with those implied by Soviet pronouncements and those using Soviet national income data. Our purpose is to determine the reasonableness of the Soviet claim that World War II cost the Soviet economy two Five-Year Plans.

scholarly journals Cost of Crisis in Psychological Science

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Grubbs
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Science ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Cost

Yarkoni has argued that psychology is facing a generalizability crisis, but the real cost of this crisis is obscured by a focus on topics from psychology’s most academic subfields. Psychology is also filled with applied subfields, and it is within those subfields—especially clinical science—where the cost of a generalizability crisis will be most severe.

The Added Impact of Misinformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Andrew Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Equity Capital ◽  
National Account ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Management Incentives ◽  
Hurdle Rates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Different Levels

Growth has suffered from a rise in hurdle rates, due to the change in management incentives, probably amplified by misleading publicity about the cost of equity capital, which is commonly claimed to be a multiple of the real cost. The bonus culture encourages managements to misrepresent RoEs, so in bad times companies publish abysmal rather than merely bad profits, with the result that subsequent profits are overstated. The swings from understated to overstated increase published profit volatility. After being similar for fifty years, published profits have since 2000 become four times more volatile than national account profits. Claims that low investment and high margins are due to increased monopoly are shaky. The bonus culture is a better explanation as, among other things, it also accounts for the different levels of investment by quoted and unquoted companies and for the increased volatility of published profits.

scholarly journals The impact of inflation on the cost of adjustable-rate mortgages

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-134
Author(s):  
Tomasz Musiałowski
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Adjustable Rate ◽  
Adjustable Rate Mortgage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To assess how inflation affects the cost of adjustable-rate mortgage from the perspective of personal finances.Design / Research methods: Adjustable-Rate Mortgage simulations were carried out, showing both the nominal and real costs of a mortgage loan. The behavior and the relationship between the inflation rate and WIBOR 3M rate were compared.Conclusions / findings: The analysis shows that the real cost of mortgage decreases with an increase in inflation. During the period under review, inflation declined, reducing both the real and nominal cost of the loan. There was a strong positive correlation between the WIBOR 3M rate and the inflation rate. Equally strong, although a negative correlation was observed between the inflation rate and the real interest rate. With the decline in inflation, real mortgage rates increased, and vice versa. Particular attention was paid to the periods in which inflation was rising. WIBOR 3M rate reacted to this increase to a much lesser extent and with a lag compared to the inflation rate.Originality / value of the article: Considering that forecasts presented by the National Bank of Poland predict inflation growth in the coming years, a thorough examination of the inflation impact on the mortgage costs is an important issue for risk management in households with mortgage.

scholarly journals Labor Productivity And Real Wages In Macedonia: An Overview Before And After The Global Economic Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Predrag Trpeski ◽  
Ljupcho Eftimov ◽  
Marijana Cvetanoska
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Real ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the paper is to examine the relationship between the labor productivity and real net wages in Macedonia at the level of the whole economy, and in the sectors of industry and agriculture, both, in the period 2006-2015, i.e. shortly before the commencement and after the Great financial and economic crisis. The paper starts from the assumption that greater labor productivity causes changes in real net wages which are in the same direction. Studies that are previously made show that there is an expressed quantitative relationship between the labor productivity and real net wages in Macedonia in the period 1995-2003. But results obtained in this paper show that the Great financial and economic crisis has influence on this relations. Thus, quantitative relationship between labor productivity and real net wages in the analyzed period is very low, and even that their relationships are with the opposite sign. This leads to the conclusion that during and the period after the crisis, changes in labor productivity did not have an impact on the real net wages in Macedonia, or they had a little impact, and in some cases the impact is in the opposite direction. Taking into consideration that in the period during and after crisis are recorded small but permanent increasing of the wages in the country, it is obvious that such increase is not due to changes in labor productivity but more to other factors.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Accuracy of Ina-Cbg's Cost Based on the Type of Disease and Influencing Factors in the Inpatient Installation of RSUD dr. Soegiri Lamongan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Pujo Broto Iriawan Putra ◽  
Yuly Peristiowati ◽  
Indasah Indasah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
The Cost

The result of monitoring and evaluation of Health Insurance Program (JKN) implementation especially in INA-CBG's claim process at Health Facility of Advanced Rujuan (FKRTL), there are differences of opinion for some cases between FKRTL and BPJS Kesehatan causing delay or problem in payment of claim INA-CBG's. The purpose of this study is to analyze the accuracy of INA-CBG's cost and the factors that influence in RSUD DR. Soegiri Lamongan. This research is a type of observational research with descriptive analytic research design with cross sectional research design according to hospital perspective. The sample in this study amounted to 393 respondents. Sampling technique Simple random sampling technique. The research instrument used using the expense bill file issued and the BPJS patient care claims file file with linear regression statistic test with α = 0.05. The cost component of the biggest Diabetes Mellitus disease is the median cost of Rp. 1.536.346. CVA disease average drug cost Rp. 1.135.399. The biggest DHF disease is the average room cost Rp. 814.067. Appendicitis medicines cost ± Rp. 1.633.961. The incremental cost of INA-CBG's and the actual cost of hospital in Diabetes Mellitus disease is Rp. 357.957, CVA disease difference of Rp. 2.151.170, DHF disease difference of Rp. 477,514 and in appendicitis disease the difference in average minus  -Rp. 2,965,211. There is a difference (not appropriate) between the real cost and the cost of INA-CBG's in Diabetes Mellitus disease with p = 0,000. There is a difference (not appropriate) between the real cost and the cost of INA-CBG's on CVA disease with p value = 0.026. There is a similarity or precision between the real cost and the cost of INA-CBG's in DHF disease with a value of p = 0.159. There is a difference (not appropriate) between the real cost and the cost of INA-CBG's in Apendicitis disease with p = 0,000. There is a difference between the real cost and the cost of INA-CBG's in Diabetes mellitus, CVA, Apendicitis. Factors that affect the differences include room cost factors, drugs and medical action. For DHF disease there is no difference between the real cost and the cost of INA-CBG's.

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