scholarly journals Environmental Impacts to Residual Stand Damage due to Logging Operations in Hyrcanian Forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghdad JOURGHOLAMI
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Fixed Area ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Study Unit ◽  
Selection Of

The development of harvesting systems aims to provide physically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sound solutions. Residual stand-damage data have been collected from a mixed broadleaved stand in Kheyrud area in Hyrcanian forest in the northern of Iran. After the harvesting operations, for all trees, damage to the bole, roots, extent of the damage, wounding patterns, size and distribution was assessed using stratified systematic sampling with a random start and fixed area plots. Results show that wounding occurred on 16.4% of the remaining trees, but the severity of wounding varied significantly by species. Forty-six percent of wounding for all species combined was considered as small size. The greatest average amount of damage, to a bole, occurred along the first 1m up from the ground and also within 3m of the skid trail centerline (86.4%). Gouges were present on 79% of all scars. The stratification of the study unit would effectively improve accuracy of stand damage surveys. Selection of the appropriate method for damage reduction to trees adjacent skid trails was crucial. According to the results, skidding damage cannot be completely avoided in practice. We suggest that the education and the entertainment of the foresters and workers in forest would be enhanced and the injuries could be explained before the harvesting to the workers. In such a way the damages would be less in the future.

The impact of two harvesting systems on residual stems in a partially cut stand of northern hardwoods

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Nichols ◽  
R.C . Lemin Jr. ◽  
W.D. Ostrofsky
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Better Than

Residual stand damage was evaluated following partial cutting with a mechanical and a conventional harvesting system in a northern hardwood stand in Maine. Damage from harvesting using a swing to bunch feller–buncher and grapple skidder was compared with damage from a chainsaw and cable skidder operation. Harvesting resulted in actual residual basal areas of 10 and 16.5 m2/ha in a heavy and light conventional treatment, respectively, and in 9 and 6.9 m2/ha in two mechanized treatments. The proportion of stems wounded averaged 22–44% in the conventional, and 20–31% in the mechanized operation. Wounds were significantly (p < 0.05) longer in the heavy conventional [Formula: see text] treatment than in light conventional [Formula: see text] and mechanized ([Formula: see text] and 60.2 cm) treatments. Wounds were located higher on the stems in the 9 m/ha mechanized [Formula: see text] than in the 10 m2/ha conventional treatment [Formula: see text]. A separate survey of the mechanized harvest showed that season of harvest (winter vs. summer) significantly affected wound location and the wound width to tree circumference ratio. A model was developed that relates harvesting treatment (light and heavy conventional and two heavy mechanical), species, distance of a stem from the edge a skid trail or access corridor, and initial stand basal area to the probability of injuring an individual stem. Mechanized harvesting using equipment with long-reach swing to bunch felling capability appears to be better than some other mechanical systems, and no worse than conventional harvesting systems, but the need to further reduce damage levels is evident.

scholarly journals Residual Stand Damage from Cut-to-Length Thinning of a Mixed Conifer Stand in Northern Idaho

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Froese ◽  
Han-Sup Han
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Northern Idaho ◽  
Residual Stand Damage

Abstract We collected residual stand-damage data from a mixed conifer stand in northern Idaho that had been commercially thinned with a cut-to-length harvesting system. The stand composition after harvesting was 76% grand fir (Abies grandis); 14% Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca); 5% western redcedar (Thuja plicata); and 5% lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). For all crop trees, damage to the bole, roots, and crown was assessed using systematic sampling with a random start and fixed area plots. Wounding occurred on 37.4% of the remaining trees, but the severity of wounding varied significantly by species (P < 0.05). Eighty-four percent of wounding for all species combined was considered as small size (<194 cm2). The greatest average amount of damage to a bole occurred along the first 2 m up from the ground (67.2%) and also within 4 m of the forwarder centerline (67.7%). Gouges were present on 41% of all scars. Tree location to forwarder trail appears to have a significant effect on the number and height of scars on a tree (P < 0.05). We estimated that throughout a 20-year period, volume losses for grand fir because of decay would be 2.57% compared to 1.31% in an undamaged stand of similar composition. West. J. Appl. For. 21(3): 142–148.

Advantages in Environmental Compliance For Maritime Corrosion Control

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lethe
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Chief Financial Officer ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Traditional Procedure ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
A Company ◽  
Selection Of

The need for environmentally compliant processes and materials in the Painting Industry grows more pressing every day. As the need for these processes grows, so grows the confusion regarding the selection and implementation of these new methods and materials. In the past, price and traditional procedure were the only criteria by which a material was procured. Speed and compliance with Original Equipment Manufacturer specification governed how things were done on the shop floor. With the advent of the environmental regulations, processes are being examined all across the globe. In many of the larger companies, the chief environmental officer has as important a role as the comptroller or Chief Financial Officer. Environmental managers are often not chemists or line painters, and typically, the environmental manager is skilled only in the policies of waste disposal, spill clean up, or remediation. The methods whereby a company can minimize the generation of hazardous waste remain less familiar. Often the examination of possible alternate techniques and materials are left for the last minute, or are conducted by personnel who are unfamiliar with how to make changes work. This is usually a recipe for failure in the implementing of anything new. This paper will suggest methods for selection of alternative products and processes in a clear and organized manner. Salient discussion points will be: 1. Process Examination 2. Material Selection 3. Steps For Successful Implementation 4. Possible Impediments 5. How to Avoid Risky Alternatives It will focus on procedures that will assist in the decision making process, and hopefully be of use in the choosing of environmentally sound equipment, chemicals, and methodologies.

scholarly journals Harvest System Selection and Design for Damage Reduction in Noble Fir Stands: A Case Study on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Matzka ◽  
Loren D. Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Indian Reservation ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Warm Springs ◽  
Abies Procera ◽  
Noble Fir ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Warm Springs Indian Reservation ◽  
Residual Stand Damage

Abstract Many high-elevation stands of noble fir (Abies procera) in the northern Oregon Cascades are being actively managed. Forest managers are investigating different activities that will control stand impacts and the subsequent spread of Heterobasidion annosum, a rot pathogen on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between logging production and costs with associated residual stand damage during a commercial thinning operation. Investigated in the study were four ground-based harvesting systems and two different harvest unit layout methods. Harvesting costs for the four different systems and layout methods ranged from $67.75 to $92.66/mbf (thousand board feet), with residual stand damage of 20.1 to 62.6%. Equipment size, log lengths, and layout method were found to affect total residual stand damage. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):118–126.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Stand Damage Following Timber Harvests in West Virginia

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt C. Hassler ◽  
Shawn T. Grushecky ◽  
Mary Ann Fajvan
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Timber Harvests

Abstract Fixed plot sampling was used to measure residual stand damage on 101 harvested stands in West Virginia. Damage was categorized for roots, base, bole, and crown components of all trees 4 in. dbh and greater. The level of damage was correlated to both preharvest and residual stand densities. Equations were developed to estimate stand damage, based on preharvest and residual stand basal area and trees per acre. These equations were found to reasonably estimate levels of stand damage from previous studies in partial/selection cuts, but not in thinnings. North. J. Appl. For. 16(4):191-196.

Effects of competitor spacing in a new class of individual-tree indices of competition: semi-distance-independent indices computed for Bitterlich versus fixed-area plots

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert R. Stage ◽  
Thomas Ledermann
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
New Class ◽  
Distance Effects ◽  
Fixed Area ◽  
Tree Increment ◽  
Competition Indices ◽  
Selection Of

We illustrate effects of competitor spacing for a new class of individual-tree indices of competition that we call semi-distance-independent. This new class is similar to the class of distance-independent indices except that the index is computed independently at each subsampling plot surrounding a subject tree for which growth is to be modelled. We derive the effects of distance for this class as the expected value over independent samples containing a particular subject tree. In a previous paper, we illustrated distance effects implicit in eight indices of the distance-dependent class. Here, we present distance effects of four semi-distance-independent indices: density, sum of diameters, basal area, and tree-area ratio; each determined for small fixed-area plots of 0.04 ha and for Bitterlich samples of 6 m2·ha–1. We show that several members of this new class have distance effects very similar to the distance-dependent class and should, therefore, be equally effective in accounting for competitive effects in individual-tree increment models. The comparisons should inform selection of competition indices and sampling designs for growth modelling.

scholarly journals 426 Deer Response to Selected Plant Extracts

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 466E-467
Author(s):  
Christine E. Harris ◽  
Eric Simonne ◽  
Peggy Codreanu ◽  
Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Madagascar Periwinkle ◽  
Lemon Balm ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Positive Controls

Feeding damage by white-tailed deer to vegetable and ornamental crops are often adverse to plant growth, and result in economic and aesthetic losses. While the efficacy of commercially available deer repellent products is questionable, plant extracts may provide an environmentally sound alternative to traditional chemical treatments. Commercially available plant extracts (Dusty Miller, peppermint, Madagascar periwinkle, wax myrtle, barberry, juniper, geranium, rosemary, lemon balm, and yucca) known to be unpalatable plants were chosen as treatments. Thiram and putrescent egg spray were used as positive controls along with a no-spray treatment. Gomphrena were grown off-site in trade gallon pots and used as test plants. Sixteen deer were confined in two 1-acre study pens at the Auburn Univ. Deer Research Facility. Feeding damage was recorded daily using a 0 to 3 rating scale corresponding to 1/3, 2/3, and complete destruction, respectively. All damage data were converted into percent damage. Barberry and wax myrtle extracts made gomphrena more palatable to the deer as feeding damage exceeded that of the untreated plants. However, lemon balm, rosemary, yucca, and peppermint provide some level of protection against feeding damage to gomphrena. Fifth-day damage ratings for these extracts were 37%, 35%, 13%, and 19%, respectively. Fifth-day damage for untreated plants was 40%. Peppermint and yucca extracts appear to be promising alternatives to thiram and putrescent egg-based products.

scholarly journals Detailed Analysis of Residual Stand Damage Due to Winching on Steep Terrains

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Picchio ◽  
Farzam Tavankar ◽  
Amireslam Bonyad ◽  
Piotr S. Mederski ◽  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Residual Stand Damage
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