scholarly journals Financing Of Sport by Local Government in Poland / Lenkijos vietos valdžios sporto finansavimas

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Marcin Hyski ◽  
Valeri Krutikov
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level 2

The subject of the paper is the financing of sport, and broadly speaking: physical culture in Poland. This problem is a subject of interest in the context of the role played in its development by the local government units: gminas (NUTS level-5), poviats (NUTS level-4), and voivodships (NUTS level-2). The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between the amount of expenditure incurred from the budgets of local government units at all levels and the number of athletes in sports clubs in the area. This objective also includes the knowledge of spatial differentiation of both categories of research, and therefore the amount of expenditure of local government budgets on physical culture (per capita) and the number of athletes in sports clubs (per 1000 inhabitants). The study covers the entire Poland including territorial-administrative division of gminas, poviats and voivodships. The analysis is based on data from the years 2000 to 2013. The research allowed to classify voivodships in terms of the number of athletes in sports clubs per 1000 inhabitants and spending on development of physical culture (including sport). It enabled the presentation of the spatial structure of the analyzed categories (indicators). For the spatial classification the 3-Means Method has been used.

scholarly journals Investigating the Relationship between City Districts and Sports Clubs Frequency in Shiraz City in 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdieh Ardaneh ◽  
Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
The People ◽  
Geographical Access ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

It has been shown that assessing the capacity and quality of sports equipment is important to develop a better understanding of sport participation. Different organizations are involved in the provision of sports products and services. In this regard, policymakers need to design a framework to give people more access to sports facilities. It appears that geographical access to such facilities can affect differences in sport participation around the globe. In this study, Shiraz city districts and the Shiraz sports clubs list were collected. The list of sports clubs was matched with Shiraz districts in March 2020. The significance of the relationship between area, the population of each region, per capita construction budget, frequency of clubs, green area, number of parks, population to number of club’s ratio, and area to the number of club’s ratio indicators and the number of sports clubs were analyzed by SPSS version 22 Using the Spearman correlation coefficient test. There were statistically significant relationships between district and population of each region, District and sports club, District and Population to the number of clubs, area and green area, per capita construction budget and the number of parks, per capita construction budget and population of each region (p<0.05 for all). A significant correlation between the districts and the Population to the number of club’s ratio shows that there is no proper distribution of sports facilities in different urban areas. For this reason, in some areas, people may not have adequate access to sports facilities. Also, a significant correlation was observed between total area and green area, per capita construction budget and the number of parks and Per capita construction budget and the population of each region. So, the health level of the people who live in undeveloped districts is endangered and more attention should be paid to them.

scholarly journals The Effect of Economic Development on Urbanization in Lebanon: An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Hamdan ◽  
Mohamad Balouza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
The Relationship

The paper aims to study the evolution of urban growth in Lebanon as a developing country with respect to its economic development. Also, the dynamics of this relationship are to be explored and shed some light on the effect, if any, of economic development on Urbanization in Lebanon. Therefore, the study identifies through literature how economic development impacts urbanization. Finally, this paper advances the research on the subject topic in Lebanon beyond the restrictions and limitations of previous literature through empirical results. The study focuses on previous literature regarding the relation of economic development and urbanization. The study uses time-series OLS multi-variate egression anaylsis in the case of Lebanon from the year 1988-2018.GDP per capita, school enrolment and life expectancy were used tocapture the urban population growth, while ores and metals exports, manufacturing value added and agricultural value added were used as conrol variables. The results indicate a positive correlation and at least one co integrating equation between the variables. The results showed that two variables are significant with urban population at regional level supporting the expected hypothesis (GDP and school enrolment) and all other variables did not show any significant relation with urbanization in Lebanon. This study might be of interest providing insights on the relationship between urbanization and economic development specially for further studies in the field of urbanization. The study believes to contribute positively to understanding of urbanization and the creation to an innovative era of economic growth, luxury and improved resource allocation.

Problems of administrative law in the system of public administration

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1271
Author(s):  
Djamilya Ospanova ◽  
Duman Kussainov ◽  
Akif Suleimanov ◽  
Ainur Kussainov ◽  
Rysgul Abilsheyeva
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Regulatory Impact ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development

Purpose The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that administrative law appears as one of the significant factors influencing the development of both the public administration system as a whole and the processes of its reform that the Russian Federation has faced today. The authors show that if the relations of state administration are the subject of the administrative law’s influence (after all, it is they who are influenced by administrative and legal norms), then we are faced with an extremely important question regarding the character and specificity of the relationship between administrative and legal relations and relations of state management, on the one hand, and analysis of the concept of administrative and legal regulation of public administration relations on the other. This goal is important, given that the authors substantiate the relationship between administrative law and public administration through identifying the possibilities of regulatory influence on the part of administrative law on public administration relations. Design/methodology/approach Prospects for the further development of the study are the formation of an understanding that government is not limited to administrative law, but it cannot be denied that the regulatory impact of law in public administration is decisive, and therefore public administration is largely a state-legal category, although it is not limited to this. Findings So, having analyzed the above approaches and positions of scientists regarding the subject of administrative law, the authors believe that it can include any managerial activity of the state authority and local government bodies that does not directly concern the subject matter of another branch of law; is realized with the help of the executive-administrative mechanism (in this case the author does not consider the executive-administrative mechanism as an exclusive prerogative or a unique feature of the executive authorities, although, of course, he agrees that it is the most typical and characteristic feature for them); is realized within the framework of a certain state authority, local government or non-governmental organization (in case of delegating state powers to it) to ensure its proper functioning (internal management relations); is implemented outside the framework of a certain state authority, local government or non-governmental organization (in case of delegating state powers to it) and is directed to other (external) with respect to the relevant body or organization of entities (external organizational management relations); and is largely characterized by relative constancy and immediacy of implementation relative to the management object. Originality/value Prospects for the further development of the study are the formation of an understanding that government is not limited to administrative law, but it cannot be denied that the regulatory impact of law in public administration is decisive, and therefore public administration is largely a state-legal category, although it is not limited to this. At the same time, indistinctness and uncertainty about different ways of understanding public administration often generate negative effects both at the general scientific level and at a purely practical level (when it comes to the exercise of administrative powers by certain state authorities).

Regional diversification of investment potential of local government units

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-84
Author(s):  
Dorota Wyszkowska ◽  
Dorota Wyszkowska
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Investment Expenditure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Regional Diversification ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Operating Surplus

Local government units (LGUs) in Poland are responsible for the implementation of a wide range of public tasks, which should be carried out in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity at lower management levels. This requires LGUs to incur not only current expenditure for the implementation of various tasks, but also investment expenditure —to provide wider access to infrastructure elementsfor local development. The opportunities for finding funds for development activities (identified with investment) are called investment potential in the subject literature.The aim of the paper is to present spetial differences in investment potential of LGUs in Polanddetermined by operating surplus. In the first part, it presents theoretical issues regarding the investment potential of local government units and the measurement meth-ods. The second one is devoted to the analysis of empirical data for the period 2007—2016 provided by Statistics Poland and Ministry of Finance.According to the study, the level of investment potential diversification both in absolute values and per capita is high, although it has decreased in recent years. The greatest variation is observed among gminas. It is worth noting that investment potential hasa fundamental impact on the volume of investment expenditure incurred by local government, which is confirmed by the results of correlation analysis.

scholarly journals Does system of local government subsidisation fulfil revenue equalisation function? Evidence from Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Sekuła
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Local Government Finance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Local Government Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Government Level

Research background: General grants in the system of local government finance should pursue five different functions. One of them is revenue equalization. This function is achieved if the revenue gap is reduced after the application of the subsidising mechanism. In addition, to be completed, the size of the support should be inversely proportional to own revenues. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to analyse the fulfilment of the revenue equalization function by general grants. Therefore, beside the theoretical analysis, which presents the general grants structure and the functions assigned to them, the article discusses the results of studies showing changes in the revenue gap after the application of the grant mechanism and the correlation between per capita own revenue and the amount of funds from selected parts (equalisation, balancing-regional, reserve, compensating) of the general grant. The following tentative research hypothesis was adopted: general grants fail to fulfil the revenue equalisation function. Methods: Two research methods were applied to achieve the aim of the article and verify the research hypothesis: descriptive statistics and correlation — calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings & Value added: Based on the analyses, it was concluded that, once the corrective and equalising mechanism was applied, the range between the extreme per capita revenue values was reduced by 40–50% on average, at all local government levels, i.e. at commune (including cities with county right), county and province levels, in each year from the period analysed, i.e. 2012–2016. The correlation between the sizes of revenue before and after budget subsidising is always negative, whereas the strength of the relationship ranged between low and significant, depending on the local government level. It was found that general grants do fulfil the revenue equalisation function, which contradicts the initially formulated research hypothesis.

scholarly journals Investigating the Relationship between City Districts and Sports Clubs Frequency in Shiraz City in 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdieh Ardaneh ◽  
Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
The People ◽  
Geographical Access ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

It has been shown that assessing the capacity and quality of sports equipment is important to develop a better understanding of sport participation. Different organizations are involved in the provision of sports products and services. In this regard, policymakers need to design a framework to give people more access to sports facilities. It appears that geographical access to such facilities can affect differences in sport participation around the globe. In this study, Shiraz city districts and the Shiraz sports clubs list were collected. The list of sports clubs was matched with Shiraz districts in March 2020. The significance of the relationship between area, the population of each region, per capita construction budget, frequency of clubs, green area, number of parks, population to number of club’s ratio, and area to the number of club’s ratio indicators and the number of sports clubs were analyzed by SPSS version 22 Using the Spearman correlation coefficient test. There were statistically significant relationships between district and population of each region, District and sports club, District and Population to the number of clubs, area and green area, per capita construction budget and the number of parks, per capita construction budget and population of each region (p<0.05 for all). A significant correlation between the districts and the Population to the number of club’s ratio shows that there is no proper distribution of sports facilities in different urban areas. For this reason, in some areas, people may not have adequate access to sports facilities. Also, a significant correlation was observed between total area and green area, per capita construction budget and the number of parks and Per capita construction budget and the population of each region. So, the health level of the people who live in undeveloped districts is endangered and more attention should be paid to them.

Revenue Sources and Local Government Employment

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lehne
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Employment Practices ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Government Employment ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Relationship

This note explores the relationship between variations in local government employment patterns and grant-in-aid receipts for three time periods, 1957–1962, 1962–1967, and 1967–1972. Three dimensions of local government employment patterns are explored: per capita payroll costs, average monthly wage per employee, and the number of public employees per capita. The methodology of this note follows the “determinants” analyses of public expenditure levels. The relationships between revenue sources and local government employment practices assume different forms in different time periods.

scholarly journals PRZEMIANY STRUKTURALNE WŁADZ LOKALNYCH W POLSCE W II POŁOWIE XX WIEKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Edyta Sokalska
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Decisions

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE POLISH LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE BOARDS IN THE SECOND PART OF THE 20TH CENTURYSummary The structural changes of the local administrative boards in Poland in the second half of XX century are the subject of the present study. Mainly legislative bases of functioning and organization of local administrative boards in the period of 1972-1975 are taken into account. During that time the central political authorities were trying to undertake some changes in the local governing. Legislative acts of the great importance were acts of 1972 and 1975 that imposed a new administrative division. The act of 1973 changed some competence of the Polish administrative organs by introducing new ones. The second part of the study shows the new movements in development of the Polish local administrative boards after 1975. During the great transformations of the 1990-ties setting up real local government was one of the most important political decisions. It was return to the concept of the dualistic model of the local administration.

scholarly journals Spatial differentiation of enterprises with foreign capital versus investment attractiveness of the regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Wiesława Lizińska ◽  
Paweł Zasadzki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Starting A Business

The economic development of the regions is determined by well prospering enterprises functioning in their area, including those with foreign capital. The tendency of foreign investors to starting a business in a given region of the country can be determined by the level of investment attractiveness, which is influenced by a lot of location factors. Therefore, it is important to examine the correlation between the level of investment attractiveness and the level of entrepreneurship in each region. The main purpose of the paper was to diagnose the relationship between the spatial structure of foreign-capital enterprises and the level of investment attractiveness of the regions. The analysis of interdependencies between variables was conducted for 16 Polish voivodships characterized by diversified level of investment attractiveness and a different number of new registered enterprises with foreign capital in the years 2009-2017.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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