scholarly journals Functional interdependence of divalent heavy metal ions, voltage-gated calcium channels and glutamatergic transmission in the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Anna Papazoglou ◽  
Andreas Lundt ◽  
Carola Wormuth ◽  
Christina Henseler ◽  
Karl Broich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Glutamatergic Transmission ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Regulation of AQP4 in the Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Vandebroek ◽  
Masato Yasui
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Small Molecule Inhibitors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the main water channel protein expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). AQP4 is densely expressed in astrocyte end-feet, and is an important factor in CNS water and potassium homeostasis. Changes in AQP4 activity and expression have been implicated in several CNS disorders, including (but not limited to) epilepsy, edema, stroke, and glioblastoma. For this reason, many studies have been done to understand the various ways in which AQP4 is regulated endogenously, and could be regulated pharmaceutically. In particular, four regulatory methods have been thoroughly studied; regulation of gene expression via microRNAs, regulation of AQP4 channel gating/trafficking via phosphorylation, regulation of water permeability using heavy metal ions, and regulation of water permeability using small molecule inhibitors. A major challenge when studying AQP4 regulation is inter-method variability. A compound or phosphorylation which shows an inhibitory effect in vitro may show no effect in a different in vitro method, or even show an increase in AQP4 expression in vivo. Although a large amount of variability exists between in vitro methods, some microRNAs, heavy metal ions, and two small molecule inhibitors, acetazolamide and TGN-020, have shown promise in the field of AQP4 regulation.

II. Sublethal Effects And Changes In Ecosystems - Assessment of the effects of pollutants on physiology and behaviour

1971 ◽  
Vol 177 (1048) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Mining Wastes ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Many pollutants, even when present in the water in concentrations well below lethal levels, may cause marked changes in the physiology and behaviour of fish. The work reported deals mainly with salmonids. The responses to insecticides are particularly interesting. Of fundamental interest is the suggestion that DDT seems to act by interfering with the normal thermal acclimation mechanism(s), probably within the central nervous system. The results are not without practical significance. Some responses, including those induced by heavy metal ions from mining wastes, may cause long-term ecological changes of consequence.

Immunohistochemical localization of the voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.4 in the central nervous system of the adult rat

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Luján ◽  
Carlos de Cabo de la Vega ◽  
Eduardo Dominguez del Toro ◽  
Juan J Ballesta ◽  
Manuel Criado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Potassium Channel ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The Effects of General Anesthetics on Synaptic Transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 936-965
Author(s):  
Xuechao Hao ◽  
Mengchan Ou ◽  
Donghang Zhang ◽  
Wenling Zhao ◽  
Yaoxin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

General anesthetics are a class of drugs that target the central nervous system and are widely used for various medical procedures. General anesthetics produce many behavioral changes required for clinical intervention, including amnesia, hypnosis, analgesia, and immobility; while they may also induce side effects like respiration and cardiovascular depressions. Understanding the mechanism of general anesthesia is essential for the development of selective general anesthetics which can preserve wanted pharmacological actions and exclude the side effects and underlying neural toxicities. However, the exact mechanism of how general anesthetics work is still elusive. Various molecular targets have been identified as specific targets for general anesthetics. Among these molecular targets, ion channels are the most principal category, including ligand-gated ionotropic receptors like γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and acetylcholine receptors, voltage-gated ion channels like voltage-gated sodium channel, calcium channel and potassium channels, and some second massager coupled channels. For neural functions of the central nervous system, synaptic transmission is the main procedure for which information is transmitted between neurons through brain regions, and intact synaptic function is fundamentally important for almost all the nervous functions, including consciousness, memory, and cognition. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of general anesthetics on synaptic transmission via modulations of specific ion channels and relevant molecular targets, which can lead to the development of safer general anesthetics with selective actions. The present review will summarize the effects of various general anesthetics on synaptic transmissions and plasticity.

A Study of Metal Ions in the Central Nervous System

1954 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM H. HARRIS ◽  
JOSEPH A. BEAUCHEMIN ◽  
HERBERT M. HERSHENSON ◽  
SIDNEY H. ROBERTS ◽  
GEORGE MATSUYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Voltage-gated sodium channels and pain

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Nau ◽  
Enrico Leipold
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sodium Channels ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractPainful stimuli are detected by specialized neurons, nociceptors, and are translated into action potentials, that are conducted along afferent pathways into the central nervous system, where they are conceived as pain. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na

scholarly journals Localization of P-type calcium channels in the central nervous system.

1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (16) ◽  
pp. 7076-7080 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hillman ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
T. T. Aung ◽  
B. Cherksey ◽  
M. Sugimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Calcium Channels ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
P Type
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