Status of Consumer Organization under the Framework Act of Consumers - The investigation of status quo and agenda through study on the history of Consumer organization -

The author, one of the most prominent contemporary scholars of European history, published this, his first book, in 1975. Based on extensive archival research, the book examines how European societies progressed from a moment of social vulnerability to one of political and economic stabilization. Arguing that a common trajectory calls for a multi country analysis, the book provides a comparative history of three European nations—France, Germany, and Italy—and argues that they did not simply return to a prewar status quo, but achieved a new balance of state authority and interest group representation. While most previous accounts presented the decade as a prelude to the Depression and dictatorships, the author suggests that the stabilization of the 1920s, vulnerable as it was, foreshadowed the more enduring political stability achieved after World War II. The immense and ambitious scope of this book, its ability to follow diverse histories in detail, and its effort to explain stabilization—and not just revolution or breakdown—have made it a classic of European history.

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1848 and Parliamentary Reform

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x00015533 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 831-851 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Roland Quinault

Keyword(s):

Solid Support ◽

Status Quo ◽

Middle Classes ◽

State Security ◽

Property Owners ◽

Parliamentary Reform ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

History Books

1848 has gone down in history – or rather in history books – as the year when England was different. In that year a wave of revolution on the Continent overthrew constitutions, premiers and even a dynasty but in England, by contrast, the middle classes rallied round the government and helped it preserve the status quo. This interpretation of 1848 has long been the established orthodoxy amongst historians. Asa Briggs took this view thirty years ago and it has lately been endorsed by F. B. Smith and Henry Weisser. Most recently, John Saville, in his book on 1848, has concluded that events in England ‘demonstrated beyond question and doubt, the complete and solid support of the middling strata to the defence of existing institutions’. He claims that ‘the outstanding feature of 1848 was the mass response to the call for special constables to assist the professional forces of state security’ which reflected a closing of ranks among all property owners. Although some historians, notably David Goodway, have recently stressed the vitality of Chartism in 1848 they have not challenged the traditional view that the movement failed to win concessions from the establishment and soon declined. Thus 1848 in England is generally regarded as a terminal date: the last chapter in the history of Chartism as a major movement. Thereafter Britain experienced a period of conservatism – described by one historian as ‘the mid-Victorian calm’–which lasted until the death of Palmerston in 1865.

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The Predicament of Europe’s ‘Last Dictator’

International Area Studies Review ◽

10.1177/22338659211018326 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 223386592110183

Author(s):

Yuliya Brel-Fournier ◽

Minion K.C. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Social Contract ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Status Quo ◽

Political Crisis ◽

Modern History ◽

Electoral Fraud ◽

The Future ◽

The Status ◽

History Of

Belarusian citizens elected their first president in 1994. More than 20 years later, in October 2015, the same person triumphantly won the fifth consecutive presidential election. In August 2020, President Lukashenko’s attempt to get re-elected for the sixth time ended in months’ long mass protests against the electoral fraud, unspeakable violence used by the riot police against peaceful protesters and the deepest political crisis in the modern history of Belarus. This article analyzes how and why the first democratically elected Belarusian president attained this long-serving status. It suggests that his political longevity was conditioned by a specific social contract with the society that was sustained for many years. In light of the recent events, it is obvious that the contract is breached with the regime no longer living up to the bargain with the Belarusian people. As a result, the citizens seem unwilling to maintain their obligation for loyalty. We analyze the escalating daily price for maintaining the status quo and conclude considering the possible implications of this broken pact for the future of Belarus.

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Vocationalization of education in Kenya: the Classroom Practice and the Learners’ Responsibilities for Change in the 21st Century

International Journal of Learning and Development ◽

10.5296/ijld.v1i1.1120 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Samson Ondigi ◽

Henry Ayot ◽

Kiio Mueni ◽

Mary Nasibi

Keyword(s):

Political Development ◽

Classroom Practice ◽

History Of Education ◽

Status Quo ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

Successful Recovery ◽

Common Practices ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

The Individual

Abstract The essence of education is to prepare an individual for lifelong experiences after schooling. Education as offered in schools today is expected to give the teacher a chance to impart knowledge and skills in the learner, and for the learner to be informed and be able to put into practice what has been gained in the course of time. The Kenyan curriculum and goals of education are clearly stipulated if followed to the latter. Basically, the classroom practice by both the teachers and the learners exhibit an academic rather than a dual system that is expected to meet the needs of both the individual and those of the communities which form subsets of the society at large. It is upon this premise that education of a given country must prepare its individuals in schools so as to meet the goals of education at any one given time of a country’s history. This paper looks at the perspective of vocationalization of education in Kenyan at this century. The history of education ever since independence in 1963 by focusing on the Ominde commission through the Koech report of 1999 have been emphatic that education must meet the national goals of education as stipulated in the curriculum. But what is edging the practice that has not revolutionalized the socio-economic, cultural and political development of Kenya? Differentiated Instruction is a teaching theory based on the premise that instructional approaches should vary and be adapted in relation to individual and diverse students in classroom aimed at achieving diversified learning and common practices in the career. The challenges herein are: where have we gone wrong as a nation, what is the practice in the classroom, when can the nation be out of this dilemma, who is to blame for the status quo and finally what is the way forward? By addressing these questions, the education system will be responsive to the changes in time and Kenya will be on the path to successful recovery.

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Accountancy in Poland in the period of centrally planned economy – oral history

Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0012.0381 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (97 (153)) ◽

pp. 161-178

Author(s):

Anna Karmańska

Keyword(s):

Oral History ◽

Market Economy ◽

Research Method ◽

Status Quo ◽

Planned Economy ◽

Accounting Practice ◽

Basic Reason ◽

Centrally Planned Economy ◽

The Status ◽

History Of

This article presents an account of an interview with Zdzisław Fedak, PhD, who participated in the work on the systemic solutions in accounting in the People’s Republic of Poland (PRL), and currently is an animator of improvements in Polish accounting practice in the conditions of market economy. The basic reason for this publication is the need to fill the gap in the picture of the determinants and characteristics of accountancy in Poland in the period of non-market economy, taking advantage of the expertise and experience of people knowing the status quo in this area. This text is part of the trend to document the history of accountancy by means of a research method known as oral history.

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The Crisis, the Humanities and Medical History

Medical History ◽

10.1017/s0025727300005275 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 283-287

Author(s):

Bill Luckin

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Higher Education ◽

Medical History ◽

Cultural Landscapes ◽

Status Quo ◽

Academic Community ◽

Arts And Humanities ◽

The Arts ◽

History Of ◽

New Ideas

Non-controversially, the full version of this article argues that the crisis in British higher education will impoverish teaching and research in the arts and humanities; cut even more deeply into these areas in the post-1992 sector; and threaten the integrity of every small sub-discipline, including the history of medicine. It traces links between the Thatcherite reforms of the 1980s and the near-privatisation of universities proposed by the Browne Report and partly adopted by the coalition. The article ends by arguing that it would be mistaken to expect any government-driven return to the status quo ante. New ideas and solutions must come from within. As economic and cultural landscapes are transformed, higher education will eventually be rebuilt, and the arts and social sciences, including medical history, reshaped in wholly unexpected ways. This will only happen, however, if a more highly politicised academic community forges its own strategies for recovery.

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Creating Oportunity

Why Philanthropy Matters ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691148625.003.0002 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Zoltan J. Acs

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Status Quo ◽

Historical Background ◽

Economic Opportunity ◽

Wealth Creation ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

Fundamental Tension ◽

Opportunity Creation

This chapter describes the system of opportunity creation in the United States, which has been a series of inventions and reinventions of the means by which opportunity has been provided. It begins with a historical background on efforts to suppress opportunity—or at least keep a monopoly hold on it—particularly in Britain. It then considers how opportunity has been embedded in American-style capitalism in two fundamental ways. The first is by equipping individuals with the skills they need to participate in capitalism; the second relates to the functioning of innovation and markets, and to the ability of new industries, firms, and jobs to challenge the status quo—namely, creative destruction. It also highlights the fundamental tension between wealth creation and maintaining economic opportunity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role played by schools and education reformers in the history of opportunity and opportunity creation in America.

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Recent movements in theoretical psychology in Japan

Theory & Psychology ◽

10.1177/0959354320935205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 842-851

Author(s):

Tetsuya Kono

Keyword(s):

Clinical Psychology ◽

Status Quo ◽

Comprehensive Understanding ◽

Narrative Psychology ◽

Qualitative Approaches ◽

Modern Psychology ◽

Theoretical Psychology ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

Theoretical Issues

The purpose of this article is to report on the status quo in Japanese theoretical psychology and introduce some of the recent theoretical debates relating to psychology and related fields in Japan. Theoretical psychology has not been very active in Japanese psychology so far. However, despite that, very important studies on theoretical issues in psychology have been conducted in the last 20 years, such as theoretical debate concerning “new forms of psychology”; methodological arguments about qualitative approaches, narrative psychology, and clinical psychology; detailed studies on the history of Japanese modern psychology; and the creation of new interdisciplinary fields of research. At present, Japanese psychology seems to be a collection of small diverse paradigms. I conclude that more theoretical and philosophical arguments are needed in order to avoid narrowing psychologists’ view on humanity and to pursue the true and comprehensive understanding of the object.

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Pharmacognosy and Its Role in the System of Profile Disciplines in Pharmacy

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x20945450 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1934578X2094545

Author(s):

Lucie Cahlíková ◽

Marcela Šafratová ◽

Anna Hošťálková ◽

Jakub Chlebek ◽

Daniela Hulcová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational System ◽

Status Quo ◽

New Drugs ◽

Basic Requirement ◽

History Of Development ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

Biogenic Material ◽

Natural Drugs ◽

In Silico Methods

The primal discipline from which pharmacy has developed can be considered as pharmacognosy. This review defines pharmacognosy while reflecting on the latest development and discourse about its justifiability in the educational system in pharmaceutical faculties and the history of development of new drugs under the influence of pharmacognosy. The article defines the status quo of the pharmacognosy area, or more precisely its parts (biology, chemistry, production, and technology) and discusses their connections. It underlines the legitimacy of application of natural drugs in therapy, which is undeniable, and proves that whether a new drug was prepared either synthetically or isolated from a natural source is not important. The overview follows the basic requirements of pharmacognosy, especially its methodology (usage of faster and more effective phyto-analytical methods, reverse pharmacology, and reverse pharmacognosy, in silico methods). Pharmacognosy is confronted by three major challenges in the 21st century that can push it significantly forward: ethnopharmacological sources evaluation, evaluation of nutraceuticals, and pharmacognosy of marine organisms. The educational system of universities should correspond to these new demands. However, in some areas the educational system is not prepared to face the challenges of the time. The basic requirement is to adopt a complex attitude to biogenic material and utilize the connections of this complexity in the teaching of modern pharmacy.

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The Development of Accion Democratica de Venezuela

Journal of Inter-American Studies ◽

10.2307/165030 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 237-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Harry Kantor

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Dominican Republic ◽

Latin American ◽

Turning Point ◽

Past History ◽

Status Quo ◽

The Other ◽

Latin Americans ◽

The Past ◽

History Of

The election of Rómulo Betancourt as constitutional President of Venezuela for the 1959-1964 term marks a turning point in that country's political evolution and a high point in the tide of reform now sweeping Latin American toward stable constitutional government. The new president of Venezuela and the party he leads, Acción Democrática, represent the same type of reformist movement as those now flourishing in many other countries of Latin America. As a result, dictatorship in the spring of 1959 is confined to the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Paraguay. The situation in Haiti is unclear, but in the other sixteen republics the governments are controlled by parties and leaders which are to a greater or lesser degree trying to get away from the past and seem to have the support of their populations in their efforts. This marks a great change from most of the past history of the Latin American Republics in which the population was ruled by dictatorial cliques dedicated to the preservation of a status quo which meant the perpetuation of poverty and backwardness for most of the Latin Americans.

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