scholarly journals Energy from domestic refuse by enzymatic degradation of cellulosic fibre waste into sugars and ethanol: initial laboratory studies

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Peter Randerson ◽  
Brian Dancer
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Pure Cellulose ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Simple Sugar ◽  
Domestic Refuse ◽  
Fibre Waste

The search for commercially viable biogenic sources of transport fuel, such as ethanol, is nowa priority among developed countries. Sugar- and starch-containing crops currently supportmature industries producing ethanol by yeast fermentation. The potential of bulk plantmaterials (biomass crops, agricultural wastes and domestic refuse) is enormous, but suchligno-cellulosic compounds are difficult to degrade into simple sugar molecules. In the USAand Canada, commercial development programmes are under way to develop new enzymaticand fermentation technologies and to reduce process costs.We investigated the potential of processed waste material derived from domestic refuse as asource of simple sugars for conversion to ethanol. "Pure" cellulose was almost completelydegraded to reducing sugars by cellulase C0I3L, a mixed enzyme preparation, and byTrichoderma viride cellulase, whereas enzymes from other fungal species performed lesswell. T viride achieved less than I 0% (by weight) conversion of waste material to reducingsugars in 2 hour incubations, whereas C013L cellulase gave sugar yields of up to 35%.Extended incubation times gave little increase in yield. These results support the feedstockpotential of this material. Alternative techniques, such as pre-treatment with ferulic acidesterase to improve the effectiveness of degradation, are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Conventional and Novel Pre-treatment Methods for Bioethanol Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-483
Author(s):  
Tugba Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Waste Gas ◽  
Clostridium Ljungdahlii ◽  
Vegetable Wastes ◽  
Pre Treatment

In this study, novel and conventional techniques for the production of bioethanol from fruit and vegetable wastes (FVWs) by yeast and bacterial fermentation were investigated experimentally. Different pretreatment techniques (acid, heat, acid/heat, and microwave) for yeast fermentation were compared. Maximum ethanol concentrations of 11.7 and 11.8 g L–1 were observed from acid/heat and microwave pretreatment, respectively, by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the other hand, biochar production from FVWs and syngas fermentation from the waste gas of this process were integrated. From waste gas with 12 % CO content, 5.5 g L–1 and 2.5 g L–1 ethanol production was observed by using anaerobic mixed culture and Clostridium ljungdahlii, respectively. The overall results emphasize the potential of bioethanol production from FVWs by economically feasible and environmentally friendly methods.

Eco-Friendly On-Site Water Analyses for Ultra-Trace Harmful Ions

2017 ◽  
pp. 313-326
Author(s):  
Yukiko Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Ultra Trace ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Analytical Time

Governments in developed countries specify water quality standards to be applied in their own countries. Recently the allowance values of harmful metals are getting tighter for environmental water and industrial wastewater throughout the world. For example, World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the criterion value of 3 ppb for cadmium for protection of human health, furthermore, governments of some countries provide the wastewater standard for zinc for conservation of aquatic life. High-performance analytical instruments such as AAS, ICP, and ICP-MS have been employed as official analytical methods of ultra-trace elements. Besides the costly initial and running expenses and the material and energy consuming of the instruments, specific technical skills and long analytical time are required for sample pre-treatment. Therefore, simple yet highly sensitive and eco-friendly on-site methods have been demanded for quick judgment of industrial and environmental water in developed countries as well as evaluation of drinking water in developing countries.

Use of volcanic ash and its impact on algae proliferation in drinking water filtration

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Kalibbala Herbert Mpagi ◽  
Kaggwa Rose ◽  
Plaza Elzbieta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply And Treatment ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

With increasing pollution of the available water resources, development of safe drinking water supplies is increasingly becoming a challenge, both for developing and developed countries. To alleviate the prevailing difficulties, approaches should focus on sustainable water supply and treatment systems that require minimal maintenance and operator skills. In this study, a pre-treatment of water containing algae using a combination of volcanic ash (VA) and sand in a filtration system was assessed. The results indicated that a combination of VA and sand performed better in the removal of algae than sand alone. However, it was noted that different algae genera were removed at different rates within the two types of media arrangement. In addition, there was an increase in the filtration run length of the ash-sand columns with VA on top of sand of about two and half times compared with the sand columns. It is therefore anticipated that pre-treatment of raw water laden with algae using ash-sand would probably improve on the performance of the subsequent conventional processes in removing intact cells of algae and thus reduce the threat of releasing toxins into the water that may not be removed by the subsequent conventional treatment processes.

Utilization of Waste Glass in Polymer Concrete

2016 ◽  
Vol 865 ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Hodul ◽  
Jana Hodná ◽  
Rostislav Drochytka ◽  
Michaela Vyhnánková
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Polymer Concrete ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
Suitable Treatment

Glass waste is currently produced almost in all developed countries. It is the silicate based waste material which after suitable treatment has found application in many industries and therefore some types of waste glass belong to progressive secondary raw materials. However, the use of this silicate waste material which differ on the basis of an initial use of the glass in its physical and mechanical properties has not been fully explored in the field of building industry – the production of building materials. The replacement of the common filler – quartz sand in the polymer concrete (PC) could be one of the effective possibilities of the utilization of different type of waste glass in the building industry. Mainly for this reason, this work deals with the experimental examining the possibility of using various types of waste glass in the polymer concrete based on epoxy resin.

scholarly journals Production Of Bioplastics From Renewable And Sustainable Feedstock Resources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Ralstonia Eutropha ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Hydrolysis Yield ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Dosage ◽  
Hydrolysis Conditions ◽  
Simple Sugar ◽  
Potential Opportunity

This study illustrates the potential opportunity for the utilization of hemp to produce PHB (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). The objective of the study was to optimize simple sugar availability from hemp for Ralstonia eutropha. The use of three pre-treatment methods (grinded – 5% NaOH – Autoclave at 121 oC for 60 minutes) was able to provide a better fractional insoluble solids (FIS) of ≃ 61 % that was significantly better compared to other combinations of pre-treatments studied. Optimum enzyme dosage was also determined by comparing different enzyme concentrations and found that three enzymes should contain a dose of 1.5 g /L. The optimum pretreatment and hydrolysis conditions resulted in a better enzyme hydrolysis yield of 10.9 % and PHB yield of ≃ 43 %. Results also demonstrate that sonification did not improve PHB recovery, while pH control increased PHB recovery. Keywords: Hemp, Ralstonia eutropha, PHB, Pre-treatment, Enzyme Hydrolysis

scholarly journals Predicting the chances of live birth for couples undergoing IVF-ICSI: a novel instrument to advise patients and physicians before treatment

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1585
Author(s):  
Bruna Estácio da Veiga ◽  
Beatriz Brás de Guimarães ◽  
Duarte Pedro Tavares ◽  
José Luis Metello ◽  
Fernando Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Birth ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Antral Follicle Count ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Treatment Expectations ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Pre Treatment

Background: The prevalence of infertility ranges from 3.5% to 16.7% in more developed countries. For this reason, the number of In Vitro Fertilization(IVF)  technique and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) treatments has been significantly increasing. Several factors affect the success rate of in vitro treatments, which can be used to calculate the probability of success for each couple. As these treatments are complicated, expensive and with a variable probability of success, the most common question asked by IVF patients is “What are my chances of conceiving before starting an IVF/ICSI treatment?”. The main aim of this study is to develop a validated model that estimates the chance of a live birth before the start of an IVF/ICSI non-donor cycle. Methods: A logistic regression model was developed based on the retrospective study of 737 IVF/ICSI cycles. Overall 14 pre-treatment variables were evaluated (woman’s and man’s age, duration of infertility, cause of infertility, woman’s and man’s Body Mass Index (BMI), Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), Antral Follicle Count (AFC), woman’s and man’s ethnicity, woman’s and man’s smoking status and woman’s and man’s previous live children) and the outcome of the treatment was discriminated as "live birth" or "no live birth". Results: From the 14 variables acquired before starting the IVF/ICSI procedures, only male factor, man’s BMI, man's mixed ethnicity and level of AMH were statistically significant. The interactions between infertility duration and woman’s age, infertility duration and man’s BMI, AFC and AMH, AFC and woman’s age, AFC and woman’s BMI, and AFC and disovulation were also statistically significant. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) curve test for the discriminatory ability of the final prediction model was 0.700 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.660–0.741). Conclusions: This model might result in a new validated decision support system to help physicians to manage couples’ pre-treatment expectations.

Child Safety Policy in High-Rise Building as Preventive Measures of Child Falls–A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitiayu Zubaidah Yusuf ◽  
Khadijah Hussin ◽  
Nur Husna Azali
Keyword(s):  
Housing Stock ◽  
Effective Property ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Safety Policy ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Safety Features

Urbanization is one of the factors that lead to the high-rise buildings construction and vertical commercial development in developed countries especially in high density area to ensure that housing stock is sufficient. The continuous growth of high-rise residential properties indicates that there is a need for an effective property management system to provide a sustainable high-rise residential property development. The children who live in high-rise residential would be exposed to danger or accident especially risk of fall from height and currently has been occurring nation-wide for many years resulting serious injuries and deaths. This incident can be avoided by incorporating simple child safety designs into new homes or by providing child safety features into existing homes. However, this matter requires the intervention of policy and legislation for the enforcement of the implementation. Hence, this paper attempt to reviews the literature concerning the needs of policy related to child safety for high-rise residential in order to control an accident involving children falls. The outcome of this study hopefully will ensure the implementation of child safety policy in order to prevent child falls and make sure the building is safe to be occupied especially for children. 

scholarly journals Production Of Bioplastics From Renewable And Sustainable Feedstock Resources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Ralstonia Eutropha ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Hydrolysis Yield ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Dosage ◽  
Hydrolysis Conditions ◽  
Simple Sugar ◽  
Potential Opportunity

This study illustrates the potential opportunity for the utilization of hemp to produce PHB (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). The objective of the study was to optimize simple sugar availability from hemp for Ralstonia eutropha. The use of three pre-treatment methods (grinded – 5% NaOH – Autoclave at 121 oC for 60 minutes) was able to provide a better fractional insoluble solids (FIS) of ≃ 61 % that was significantly better compared to other combinations of pre-treatments studied. Optimum enzyme dosage was also determined by comparing different enzyme concentrations and found that three enzymes should contain a dose of 1.5 g /L. The optimum pretreatment and hydrolysis conditions resulted in a better enzyme hydrolysis yield of 10.9 % and PHB yield of ≃ 43 %. Results also demonstrate that sonification did not improve PHB recovery, while pH control increased PHB recovery. Keywords: Hemp, Ralstonia eutropha, PHB, Pre-treatment, Enzyme Hydrolysis

SEM Study of Tension Wood Fiber Morphology and its Effect on Paper Properties

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 308-309
Author(s):  
K. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Pure Cellulose ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
Sem Study

Tension wood (TW) is an abnormal tissue of hardwood trees; although it has been isolated from most parts of the tree, it is frequently found on the upper side of branches and leaning stems. TW has been classically associated with geotropic alignment, but more recently it has been associated with fast growth. Paper made from TW is generally lower in strength properties. Consequently, the paper industries' growing dependence on fast growing, short- rotation trees will result in higher amounts of TW in the final product and a corresponding reduction in strength.Relatively few studies have dealt with the role of TW in the structure of paper. It was suggested that the lower strength properties of TW were due to a combination of factors, namely, its unique morphology, compression failures in the cell wall, and lower hemicellulose content. Central to the unique morphology of the TW fiber is the thick gelatinous layer (G-layer) composed almost entirely of pure cellulose.

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