scholarly journals Strategic options for sustainable landfilling and leachate treatment - a survey and discussion of state-of-the-art in Sweden

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-181
Author(s):  
Staffan Ågren
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Strategic Options ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Even if landfilling has become the least prioritised waste option, it cannot be neglectedsince it will likely last many decades ahead. The potential environmental impact of old aswell as new landfills will remain even longer and has to be considered from asustainability point of view in the sense that future generations shall not inheritenvironmental problems because of today's landfilling. The choice of leachate treatmentcontributes in this respect. Five landfilling strategies may be focused in terms ofsustainability: instant containment, storage under water, flushing, aerobic on-sitestabilisation, and landfill mining. They rely on methods like co-treatment with sewage, ordifferent setups of nature-like or more advanced treatment systems. Though solutionsseldom are perfect, it is likely that we still can develop better and more consistentstrategies and methods, promoting consensus on how to move forwards. For a rationalchoice, it is very important to compare the outcome of all landfilling strategies andleachate treatment methods by estimating benefits and costs of different options. Thisincludes consideration of the cost of various environmental effects and resourcedepletion, as well as of different measures for environmental protection, remediation andresource conservation. The result is an estimation of the contribution to the environmentaldebt burden that has to be eliminated to fulfil sustainability. The alternative with the bestnet outcome in this direction shall be chosen. Much of the knowledge for suchcalculations, in terms of modelling, input data, and evaluation criteria, is howeverinsufficient or subject to disagreement. That is why it is easy to question the Swedishpolicy of treating leachates in local systems instead of in sewage works. A proposal toenable the funding of basal remaining research tasks is to create large PPP (Private PublicPartnership) formations, aiming at identification of optimal overall strategies and methodcombinations for landfilling and leachate treatment.

scholarly journals Railway Transition Curves: A Review of the State-of-the-Art and Future Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanita Fossli Brustad ◽  
Rune Dalmo
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Geometric Continuity ◽  
Railway Industry ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Transition Curves

Transition curves are a useful tool for lateral alignment of railway segments. Their design is important to ensure safe and comfortable travel for passengers and cargo. Well designed transition curves can lead to reduced wear of tracks and vehicles, which is beneficial from a maintenance point of view. Extensive studies have been performed through decades to find transition curves that can replace existing railway segments for the purpose of enhancing certain properties. Those studies seek to form curves that satisfy desired evaluation criteria, which are often connected to geometric continuity between the curve segments, and vehicle dynamics, to secure a smooth ride. This research topic is still ongoing and active at present. Recent results and findings are in line with the developments on the topic of vehicle dynamics and within the railway industry. For this reason it is appropriate to collect and discuss the latest work, since there are no up-to-date detailed literature reviews available. This paper explores the present state-of-the-art of railway transition curves, and identifies some of the research challenges and future research opportunities in the field.

scholarly journals Designing a model to determine the preferred Islamic contract for a bank facilities applicant

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Marzieh Jahani ◽  
Parastoo Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Compromise Solution ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hierarchy Process

This paper aims to present a model to determine the preferred Islamic contract for the bank facilities applicant in the industrial sector. For this purpose we use a consolidated method which includes the compromise solution multi-criteria optimization in the first phase, and the calculation of the cost of financing for the applicant of facilities in the second phase. Afterwards, by using the output of the both-phase, the preferred Islamic contract based on the combinational criterion has been determined for the applicant of the facilities. According to the fact that in the financing of the projects, in addition to the criteria related to the cost of financing, the qualitative criteria are also important, so both the qualitative and quantitative criteria have been considered in this research. In this study, we used four widely applied Islamic contracts (Jo’aalah Instalment sales, Hire purchase, Participation). The assessment criteria of the Islamic contracts have been extracted in the form of a questionnaire based on the previous studies and the expert’s point of view. In the first phase, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used in order to determine the weights of the evaluation criteria of the Islamic contracts; and, in order to select an appropriate contract for the applicant, the compromise solution multi-criteria optimization approach (VIKOR), which is based on the decision matrix, was used. In the second phase, the cost of financing from the bank was estimated for the applicant of the facilities in the four contracts. Finally, the obtained results of the qualitative questionnaire and the cost of financing from the bank have been combined; thus, the preferred contract for the applicant of facilities has been determined based on a combinational criterion.

scholarly journals RESPONSABILIDADE OBJETIVA NA GERAÇÃO DE PASSIVO AMBIENTAL PELA IRRIGAÇÃO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Alfredo de Albuquerque ◽  
Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa ◽  
Renato Sílvio da Frota Ribeiro ◽  
Hans Raj Gheyi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Environmental Liabilities ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

­RESPONSABILIDADE OBJETIVA NA GERAÇÃO DE PASSIVO AMBIENTAL PELA IRRIGAÇÃO (I)     JOSÉ ALFREDO DE ALBUQUERQUE1; RAIMUNDO NONATO TÁVORA COSTA2; RENATO SÍLVIO DA FROTA RIBEIRO2 E HANS RAJ GHEYI3 (I)Parte da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor. 1 Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas - DNOCS. Avenida Duque de Caxias, 1.700. CEP 60.035-111 Fortaleza - CE, [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola - UFC. Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola. Campus do Pici, Bloco 804. CEP 60.455-760. Fortaleza - CE, [email protected], [email protected] 3 Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Núcleo de Engenharia de Água e Solo/CCAAB. UFRB/CCAAB. Núcleo de Engenharia de Água e Solo Universitário. CEP 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas - Bahia. [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A irrigação pública no semiárido brasileiro, sobretudo nos Perímetros Irrigados por superfície, que entraram em operação no início da década de 1970, não obstante a importância do ponto de vista econômico e social tem gerado como subproduto a degradação dos solos por sais, formando um passivo ambiental, cuja responsabilidade legal da reversão é do poder público. Para quantificar a extensão do dano ambiental, inicialmente, aplicou-se um questionário aos agricultores irrigantes do Perímetro Irrigado Curu Pentecoste para analisar o significado que eles dão aos problemas relacionados com infraestrutura de irrigação, com a água de irrigação e com a degradação dos solos. Posteriormente, utilizou-se um sensor de indução eletromagnética para medir a condutividade elétrica no solo, de modo a estimar o total de sais solúveis em sua solução. Os valores da condutividade elétrica aferidos pelo sensor nortearam a coleta de amostras de solo para fins de análise física e química, procedendo-se à identificação das áreas degradadas por sais. É iminente o comprometimento dos solos às gerações futuras, de vez que mais de 2/3 dos solos do perímetro irrigado estão degradados por sais. A hipossuficiência financeira dos agricultores irrigantes permite inferir não poderem assumir a responsabilidade pelo custo da reparação do passivo ambiental. Em função do aspecto da solidariedade, o custo do dano ambiental deve ser absorvido pelo órgão responsável.   Palavras-chave: dano ambiental, qualidade ambiental, reparação ambiental, solidariedade.     ALBUQUERQUE, J. A. de; COSTA, R. N. T.;RIBEIRO, R. S. da F.; GHEYI, H. R. OBJECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY IN THE GENERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES BY IRRIGATION     2 ABSTRACT   Public irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid region, especially in surface Irrigated Perimeters, the oldest ones, which came into operation in the early 1970, despite the importance of the economic and social point of view has generated as byproduct degradation from soil by salts, forming environmental liability, whose legal responsibility for the reversal is the government’s. To quantify the extent of the environmental damage, initially a questionnaire was applied to irrigating farmers to analyze the meaning that they give to the problems associated to irrigation infrastructure, irrigation water and soil degradation. Soil impairs future generations, considering that more than 2/3 of the soils of irrigated perimeter are degraded by salts. The financial hyper sufficiency of irrigating farmers makes it possible to infer that they cannot assume responsibility for the cost of repairing environmental liabilities. Depending on the aspect of solidarity, the cost of environmental damage must be absorbed by the agency responsible.  Keywords: environmental damage, environmental quality, environmental remediation, solidarity.  

Evaluation Of The Functional Of Space-Planning Arrangement Of A Building

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shopping Centers ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Cost

The article focuses on the problem of the lack of objective evaluation of space-planning arrangement of buildings as a creative approach of the architect to the performing of functional tasks by the object. It is proposed to create a methodology for assessing the functional of space-planning solutions of buildings on the basis of numerical simulation of functional processes using the theory of human flows. There is a description of the prospects of using this method, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of compactness, materials and works saving, more efficient use of space, reduce the cost of the life cycle of the building, save human forces and time to implement the functional of the building. The necessary initial data for modeling on the example of shopping and shopping-entertainment centers are considered. There are three main tasks for algorithmization of the functional of shopping centers. The conclusion is made about necessity of development of a method for objective assessment of buildings from the point of view of ergonomics of space-planning decisions based on the study of human behavior in buildings of different purposes.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

Configurations to Superior Environmental Innovation Strategy: A Both–And Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 108602662110316
Author(s):  
Tiziana Russo-Spena ◽  
Nadia Di Paola ◽  
Aidan O’Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Environmental Innovation ◽  
Data Set

An effective climate change action involves the critical role that companies must play in assuring the long-term human and social well-being of future generations. In our study, we offer a more holistic, inclusive, both–and approach to the challenge of environmental innovation (EI) that uses a novel methodology to identify relevant configurations for firms engaging in a superior EI strategy. A conceptual framework is proposed that identifies six sets of driving characteristics of EI and two sets of beneficial outcomes, all inherently tensional. Our analysis utilizes a complementary rather than an oppositional point of view. A data set of 65 companies in the ICT value chain is analyzed via fuzzy-set comparative analysis (fsQCA) and a post-QCA procedure. The results reveal that achieving a superior EI strategy is possible in several scenarios. Specifically, after close examination, two main configuration groups emerge, referred to as technological environmental innovators and organizational environmental innovators.

scholarly journals Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4553
Author(s):  
Ewelina Ziajka-Poznańska ◽  
Jakub Montewka
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Financial Models ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Benefit Estimation ◽  
Autonomous Ship ◽  
The Cost

The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

scholarly journals A review on the properties, reinforcing effects, and commercialization of nanomaterials for cement-based materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifang Zhao ◽  
Tianqi Qi ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
David Hui ◽  
Cong Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cement Hydration ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Market Survey ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Nano Silica ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Cement Based Materials ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe behavior of cement-based materials is manipulated by chemical and physical processes at the nanolevel. Therefore, the application of nanomaterials in civil engineering to develop nano-modified cement-based materials is a promising research. In recent decades, a large number of researchers have tried to improve the properties of cement-based materials by employing various nanomaterials and to characterize the mechanism of nano-strengthening. In this study, the state of the art progress of nano-modified cement-based materials is systematically reviewed and summarized. First, this study reviews the basic properties and dispersion methods of nanomaterials commonly used in cement-based materials, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, nano-silica, nano-calcium carbonate, nano-calcium silicate hydrate, etc. Then the research progress on nano-engineered cementitious composites is reviewed from the view of accelerating cement hydration, reinforcing mechanical properties, and improving durability. In addition, the market and applications of nanomaterials for cement-based materials are briefly discussed, and the cost is creatively summarized through market survey. Finally, this study also summarizes the existing problems in current research and provides future perspectives accordingly.

scholarly journals Inclusionary Housing: An Evaluation of a New Public Rental Housing Governance Instrument in China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Juan Yan ◽  
Marietta Haffner ◽  
Marja Elsinga
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Inclusionary Housing ◽  
The Cost

Inclusionary housing (IH) is a regulatory instrument adopted by local governments in many countries to produce affordable housing by capturing resources created through the marketplace. In order to assess whether it is efficient, scholarly attention has been widely focused on its evaluation. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating IH from a governance perspective. Since IH is about involving private actors in affordable housing production, the governance point of view of cooperating governmental and non-governmental actors governing society to achieve societal goals is highly relevant. The two most important elements of governance—actors and interrelationships among these actors—are taken to build an analytical framework to explore and evaluate the governance of IH. Based on a research approach that combines a literature review and a case study of China, this paper concludes that the ineffective governance of Chinese IH is based on three challenges: (1) The distribution of costs and benefits across actors is unequal since private developers bear the cost, but do not enjoy the increments of land value; (2) there is no sufficient compensation for developers to offset the cost; and (3) there is no room for negotiations for flexibility in a declining market. Given that IH is favored in many Chinese cities, this paper offers the policy implications: local governments should bear more costs of IH, rethink their relations with developers, provide flexible compliance options for developers, and perform differently in a flourishing housing market and a declining housing market.

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