scholarly journals Water budgets for natural systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Lars Thörneby
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Transpiration Method ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Energy Forest

Natural systems including constructed and natural wetlands as well as irrigated land areas,geofilters and ponds are capable of absorbing pollutant loadings, and in appropriatecircumstances can provide a low cost alternative to traditional chemical and biologicaltreatment. Many projects have shown reduction of nutrients, oxygen consuming substancesbut also more environmental haz.ardous compounds.Natural systems seem to have a great potential for treatment of leachate. Some parts of thesesystems belongs to biological treatment and other parts to "filtration" and therefore thesesystems could be seen as a mix of transformation and filtration together with the volumereducing effect by evaporation and transpiration. Method used in Sweden are mainly SoilPlant (SP) system there a large part of the treatment is removal of water by evapotranspiration.Irrigation of e.g. energy forest or land surfaces increases the possibility of natural evaporation.When an area of the landfill is irrigated the water balance will change. This paper focusesupon the water budget and water movement within the natural system.

HOUSEHOLD WATER BALANCE AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER VOLUME FOR IRRIGATION IN AGRO LANDSCAPES OF THE KYZYLSU-YUZHNAYA BASIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
D.KH. DOMULLODZHANOV ◽  
◽  
R. RAHMATILLOEV
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Household Water ◽  
And Storage

The article presents the results of the field studies and observations that carried out on the territory of the hilly, low-mountain and foothill agro landscapes of the Kyzylsu-yuzhnaya (Kyzylsu-Southern) River Basin of Tajikistan. Taking into account the high-altitude location of households and the amount of precipitation in the river basin, the annual volumes of water accumulated with the use of low-cost systems of collection and storage of precipitation have been clarified. The amount of water accumulated in the precipitation collection and storage systems has been established, the volume of water used for communal and domestic needs,the watering of livestock and the amount of water that can be used to irrigate crops in the have been determined. Possible areas of irrigation of household plots depending on the different availability of precipitation have been determined. It has been established that in wet years (with precipitation of about 10%) the amount of water collected using drip irrigation will be sufficient for irrigation of 0.13 hectares, and in dry years (with 90% of precipitation) it will be possible to irrigate only 0.03 ha of the household plot. On the basis of the basin, the total area of irrigation in wet years can be 4497 ha, and in dry years only 1087 ha. Taking into account the forecasts of population growth by 2030 and an increase in the number of households, the total area of irrigation of farmlands in wet years may reach 5703 hectares,and in dry years – 1379 hectares. Growing crops on household plots under irrigation contributes to a significant increase in land productivity and increases the efficiency of water use of the Kyzylsu-yuzhnaya basin.

Simulating soil-water movement under a hedgerow surrounding a bottomland reveals the importance of transpiration in water balance

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Thomas ◽  
J. Molénat ◽  
V. Caubel ◽  
C. Grimaldi ◽  
P. Mérot
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Water Movement

Water budget and subsurface runoff determination for small Alpine catchments using WaSIM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bergmeister ◽  
Klaus Klebinder ◽  
Bernhard Kohl ◽  
Ulrich Burger ◽  
Georg Orsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Direct Model ◽  
Subsurface Runoff ◽  
Alpine Catchments ◽  
Brenner Base Tunnel

<p>Assessing the water balance including subsurface runoff in high Alpine catchments is still a major challenge due to environmental and meteorological complexity, and mostly data-lacking hydrology. The aim of this study is the determination of the water balance components and water budget with focus on approximation of interflow, subsurface runoff and groundwater interactions, depending on sediment and bedrock properties.</p><p>In this process we investigate a small, high data providing Alpine catchment in the Wipp Valley (Tyrol, AT) to evaluate the best modelling approach in order to apply it on catchments along the Austrian Brenner axis. Thus, a direct model comparison of the main study catchment, with its (moderate data providing) neighbouring valley is carried out. The main study catchment (Padaster Valley) covers 11.2 km<sup>2</sup> and is located east of Steinach am Brenner in the Wipp Valley. Due to its partially usage as a deposital site, respectively a landfill for the tunnel excavation material of the Brenner Base Tunnel, this valley represents a highly interesting site in a hydrological aspect. Thus, the Padaster Valley is highly monitored and hence predestined for hydrological investigations. Hydrological data such as discharge is measured high frequently on four gauges, meteorological data on two gauges. An additional study catchment (Navis Valley) covers 63 km<sup>2</sup> and is located northerly next the Padaster Valley. Seven gauges provide meteorological data, however, continuous discharge data is just measured at the valley mouth. Further meteorological data for both areas will be contributed by the ZAMG (Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik), whose INCA model provide a high spatial resolution dataset of 1km. However, in order to gain a better overall understanding of subsurface runoff and hydrogeological processes, geological data will be considered and incorporated/integrated in the modelling process. This includes geological maps, - cross sections and geophysical analysis, which help to estimate the bedrock topography, and consequently the volume as well as deeper seated hydrogeological properties of the sediment cover. In this context, continuous data from 7 groundwater observation wells provide information regarding groundwater levels and hydraulic head. To increase the model accuracy regarding subsurface flow processes, subsurface-depending runoff types after Pirkl & Sausgruber (2015) are applied. Furthermore, several maps such as land use, surface runoff coefficient and soil map including grain size distribution of the layers have been compiled by in-situ fieldwork for this study. In order to model the water budget, subsurface runoff and overall hydrological slope properties, the distributed hydrological Model WaSIM (Richards version; Schulla, 1997) is applied. The model is based on a modular system which uses physically-based algorithms.</p><p>The present study is been carried out by the Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW) in collaboration with the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT-SE).</p>

scholarly journals Impacts of ditch cleaning on hydrological processes in a drained peatland forest

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Koivusalo ◽  
E. Ahti ◽  
A. Laurén ◽  
T. Kokkonen ◽  
T. Karvonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Understorey Vegetation ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Network Maintenance ◽  
Stock Volume ◽  
Ditch Cleaning

Abstract. One fourth (5.5 Mha) of forests in Finland are growing on peatlands that have been drained to improve forest growth. Forestry operations such as cuttings and ditch network maintenance in these areas may increase export of suspended solids and nutrients, and deteriorate water quality in receiving lakes and rivers. Mitigation of the deterioration calls for understanding how forest management operations affect peatland hydrology. A process-based simulation model FEMMA was applied to quantify the effects of ditch network maintenance on peatland water balance. The model has separate computation routines for evapotranspiration in tree stand and understorey vegetation, snow accumulation and melt, water movement in unsaturated and saturated soil, and drainage. Hydraulic characteristics of peat, as well as different drainage designs can be parameterised in the model. The model was applied in artificially delineated research catchments in northern Finland, where the ditch network was maintained by cleaning and digging the ditches deeper. The simulation results indicated that ditch cleaning affected the water balance slightly and the effect was dependent on stand characteristics and soil structure. When the growing stock volume was low and poorly conductive soil extended close to the soil surface, ditch cleaning increased evapotranspiration. In stands with a high stock volume and a thick topmost layer of highly conductive soil, evapotranspiration was less affected. In the study catchments, the effect of ditch cleaning on runoff was small compared to the error between measured and modelled runoff.

Water balance in the California newt, Taricha torosa

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R113-R118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Brown ◽  
P. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
Taricha Torosa ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Access To Water

Both dehydration to 87% of original body weight (Wo) and arginine vasotocin (AVT: 20 mU/g) elicited rapid weight gains (ca. 9% of Wo in the 1st h) when terrestrial-phase T. torosa were given access to water. In each case, net weight gain resulted from increased integumental osmosis and antidiuresis. Mesotocin (0.001 -- 0.1 micrograms/g) elicited modest but significant weight gains (ca. 1%/h) caused solely by increased integumental osmosis. Integumental water uptake from wet moss was 66% that of totally immersed animals. Water movement from ventral to dorsal body surface occurred along channels on the skin. Urinary bladder storage capacities in excess of 50% of Wo were observed. Following AVT administration, bladder water resorption increased significantly, while glomerular filtration rate dropped to 16% of control values. The structural and physiological adaptations for water balance in T. torosa are comparable to those found in some terrestrial anurans.

A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance

2001 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kell B Wilson ◽  
Paul J Hanson ◽  
Patrick J Mulholland ◽  
Dennis D Baldocchi ◽  
Stan D Wullschleger
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Comparison Of Methods

scholarly journals IPA (V1): A framework for agent-based modelling of soil water movement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Mewes ◽  
Andreas H. Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Nonlinear Behaviour ◽  
Soil System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physical Laws

Abstract. In the last decade, agent-based modelling (ABM) became a popular modelling technique in social sciences, medicine, biology and ecology. ABM was designed to simulate systems that are highly dynamic and sensitive to small variations in their composition and their state. As hydrological systems, and natural systems in general, often show dynamic and nonlinear behaviour, ABM can be an appropriate way to model these systems. Nevertheless, only few studies have utilized ABM method for process-based modelling in hydrology. The percolation of water through the unsaturated soil is highly responsive to the current state of the soil system, small variations in composition lead to major changes in the transport system. Hence, we present a new approach for modelling the movement of water through a soil column: autonomous water agents that transport water through the soil while interacting with their environment as well as with other agents under physical laws.

Performance of a low cost MBT prior to landfilling: Study of the biological treatment of size reduced MSW without mechanical sorting

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1755-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lornage ◽  
E. Redon ◽  
T. Lagier ◽  
I. Hébé ◽  
J. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Low Cost

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES ON QUALITY OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING ENZYME PREPARATIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audra Skaisgiriene ◽  
Pertas Vaitiekūnas ◽  
Vytenis Zabukas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Active Sludge ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Consumption

The biological treatment method is widely used in Lithuania due to its high efficiency, low cost and suitability for treating various types of wastewater. After technological processes various mineral substances, such as chlorides and sulphates, get into water bodies. These substances are not removed from wastewater by the biological treatment method. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentrations of chlorides and sulphates, investigate the influence of enzyme preparations upon quality and energy consumption and assess energy changes in the trophic food chain during biological treatment. To analyse the mineral salt influence of the biooxidation process a series of laboratory tests was carried out: biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD), activated sludge concentration and other indexes. It is found experimentally that a 400 mg/1 concentration of chlorides disarranges the activity of microorganisms, and at a 700 mg/1 concentration active sludge is no longer suitable for biological treatment. Also, we investigated the effect of a ferment preparation “Roebic” on effluence of sewage treatment. In a tank with an enzyme the total amount of energy after treatment increases by 5–30 %. It is determined by calculating the accumulation of energy in an active‐sludge system that an enzyme preparation increases the energy levels of the system.

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