Infusions and Fumigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Wilkens
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Point ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Different Types

Written texts, especially sacred texts, can be handled in different ways. They can be read for semantic content; or they can be materially experienced, touched, or even be inhaled or drunk. I argue that literacy ideologies regulate social acceptability of specific semantic and somatic text practices. Drinking or fumigating the Qurʾan as a medical procedure is a highly contested literacy event in which two different ideologies are drawn upon simultaneously. I employ the linguistic model of codeswitching to highlight central aspects of this event: a more somatic ideology of literacy enables the link to medicine, while a more semantic ideology connects the practice to theological discourses on the sacredness of the Qurʾan as well as to the tradition of Prophetic medicine. Opposition to and ridicule of the practice, however, comes from representatives of an ideology of semantic purity, including some Islamic theologians and most Western scholars of Islam. Qurʾanic potions thus constitute an ideal point of entry for analyzing different types of literacy ideologies being followed in religious traditions.

Redefining the Miraculous: al-Ghazālī, Ibn Rushd and Said Nursi on Qur'anic Miracle Stories

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isra Yazicioglu
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Indirect Confirmation ◽  
Said Nursi

Miracle stories in sacred texts have been a source of both fascination and heated debate across religious traditions. Qur'anic miracle stories are especially interesting because they are part of a discourse that also de-emphasises the miraculous. By looking at how three scholars have engaged with Qur'anic miracle stories, I here investigate how these narratives have been interpreted in diverse and fruitful ways. The first part of the article analyses how two medieval scholars, al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) and Ibn Rushd (d. 595/1198), engaged with the implications of miracle stories. Taking his cue from miracle stories, al-Ghazālī offered a sophisticated critique of natural determinism and suggested that the natural order should be perceived as a constantly renewed divine gift. In contrast, Ibn Rushd dismissed al-Ghazālī’s critique as sophistry and maintained that accepting the possibility that the natural order might be suspended was an affront to human knowledge and science. In the second part, I turn to Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (1870–1960), whose interpretation offers a crystallisation of al-Ghazālī’s insights as well as, surprisingly, an indirect confirmation of Ibn Rushd's concerns about human knowledge and science. Nursi redefines the miraculous in light of miracle stories, and interprets them as reminders of ‘everyday miracles’ and as encouragements to improve science and technology in God's name.

Permutative (al-badal) and Apposition (ʻaṭf al-bayān) in the Arabic Language - Similarities and Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Amira Trnka-Uzunović
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
General Term ◽  
Equal Sign ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Additional Explanation

This paper examines two secondary elements of a clause in the Arabic language, namely the permutative and the apposition. The permutative is a noun complement that follows the noun as the appositive and tries to additionally explain it or even take its place, which justifes the semantics of the term badal (permutation). Furthermore, the rules say that a non-derived noun can act as the permutative, and owing to the different semantics it creates, four different types of the permutative are defined and they all keep case agreement with the antecedent in all forms. The apposition in the Arabic language is characterised by the function of additional explanation of the antecedent with which it shares the same case inflexion, which brings it closer to the permutative, but what separates them is the fact that the permutative is independent in its semantic content and it can replace the antecedent, while the clause stays syntactically correct. Without an ambition to make a serious comparison and with the sole aim of a better understanding of the apposition in the Arabic language, by comparing terminological solution in two separate language systems, we will try to justify the attitude that an equal sign between the terms apposition in the Arabic language and the apposition in the Bosnian language cannot be put to the fullest extent. The apposition in the Bosnian language additionally explains the antecedent, following its inflexion, but it is a more general term than the latter, as opposed to the apposition in the Arabic language. Formally, they differ by the place they take within a syntagm in relation to the antecedent.

Methodological Reflections on Studies of Preschoolers' Awareness of the Form/Content Distinction in Spoken Communication

1990 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Hedelin
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Different Types

In a series of studies designed to examine children's mastery of the form/content distinction in spoken communication, the results indicated that such mastery is dependent on the particular task and test procedures. The results showed that preschoolers, at least in their fourth to fifth year, remember and recognize form and content aspects of their own delivered messages. and of their interlocutor's message as well for some types of tasks. However, relationships between different types of tasks were generally low. The hypothesis expressed by David Olson and his colleagues that experience with written texts might prompt the development of this skill, only received weak support. The general conclusion is that there is a range of tasks which may reveal awareness of the form/content distinction, which also make it possible for younger children to make the distinction. Put differently, there is not one form/content distinction in verbal communication, but several.

Do all Religious Traditions Worship the Same God?

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik M. Vroom
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Comparative Religion ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types

Do all religions worship the same God? Sometimes this question is answered positively, sometimes negatively. Various reasons are given. In the first four sections of this paper we will analyse arguments which affirm or deny that all religions worship the same God. We will see that different types of argument are used. Some authors base their answers to our question on their theological insights (section 1); others defend their thesis with reference to the results of studies in comparative religion (section 2); a third type of argument derives from the philosophy of religion (section 3) and a fourth from philosophical views regarding the ultimate unity of the world (section 4). After this survey we will deal with the structure of the various arguments given. What kind of argument is decisive? I will also make some comments on each of these arguments in order to develop my own. We will then draw our conclusion as to the kind of arguments which are appropriate to our theme (section 5). In the last section I will elaborate my own view.

Linguistic and Psychometric Factors in Propositional Reasoning

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Roberge
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Logical Rule ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Order Of Presentation

An experiment is reported which demonstrates the effects of linguistic and psychometric factors on adults’ performance on a propositional reasoning task. The three linguistic factors were the semantic content in which the logical rule was embedded, the linguistic form of the logical rule, and the polarity of the major premise of the logical arguments. The two psychometric factors were the mode of response and the order of presentation of the different types of content. The results showed that the linguistic factors had a pronounced effect on adults’ propositional reasoning abilities, whereas the influence of the psychometric factors was negligible. These findings are discussed in relation to operational and interpretational factors in reasoning.

scholarly journals Wole Soyinka’s The Road as an intertext

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Richard Oliseyenum Maledo ◽  
Emmanuel Ogheneakpobor Emama
Keyword(s):  
Literary Interpretation ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
External Sources ◽  
The Creation

Studies on African drama have shown the influences and the intertextual relations between African drama and European (Classical and Elizabethan) plays. It is also a known fact that African drama exhibits traces of African tradition and instances of textual relations with already existing oral and written texts. However, existing studies on Wole Soyinka’s The Road have tilted towards the usual literary interpretation or as a piece of theatrical performance with little attention paid to the intertextual nature of the text. Based on the challenges of these usual approaches to the study of literature by contemporary literary and cultural theories, this study adopts intertextual theory as a framework to examine Wole Soyinka’s The Road as an intertext showing traces of textual influences from oral and written external sources. The aim is to reveal the source texts from which the playwright draws in the creation of the text and to show how these sources contribute to the overall thematic significance of the play. Findings reveal that Soyinka draws extensively from Yorùbá oral sacred texts, the Bible, and his own earlier texts and that these sources contribute to the eclectic nature of the thematic preoccupation of the play. It is hoped that this has gone a long way to mitigate the obscure claim of structural and thematic incomprehensibility with which the play is associated.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Types of Face Masks to Limit the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 – A Modeling Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Gurbaxani ◽  
Andrew N. Hill ◽  
Prabasaj Paul ◽  
Pragati V. Prasad ◽  
Rachel B. Slayton
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protection Efficacy ◽  
N95 Respirators ◽  
Related Mortality

AbstractWe updated a published mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission with laboratory-derived source and wearer protection efficacy estimates for a variety of face masks to estimate their impact on COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in the United States. When used at already-observed population rates of 80% for those ≥65 years and 60% for those <65 years, face masks are associated with 69% (cloth) to 78% (medical procedure mask) reductions in cumulative COVID-19 infections and 82% (cloth) to 87% (medical procedure mask) reductions in related deaths over a 6-month timeline in the model. If cloth or medical procedure masks’ source control and wearer protection efficacies are boosted about 30% each to 84% and 60% by cloth over medical procedure masking, fitters, or braces, the COVID-19 basic reproductive number of 2.5 could decrease to an effective reproductive number ≤ 1.0, and from 4.0 to ≈ 1.6 for the B.1.1.7 variant.Article Summary LineAdapting a published SARS-CoV-2 transmission model together with updated, laboratory-derived source control and wearer protection efficacy estimates for a variety of face coverings as well as N95 respirators, we demonstrate that community masking as currently practiced has likely reduced cases and deaths and that this benefit can be increased with wider adoption of better performing masks.

Extending the Canon: Some Implications of a Hindu Argument about Scripture

1992 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis X. Clooney
Keyword(s):  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Sacred Texts

Can the sacred texts of non-Christian religious traditions be revelatory for Christians in a fashion that is more than vague and merely theoretical? This question is central within the larger project of understanding the significance of the various world religions for Christians, and the effort to answer it must proceed according to three specific tasks.First, it is necessary to describe the ways in which the Christian tradition predisposes and constrains Christian believers on the issue of whether non-Christian texts can be revelatory words of God for non-Christians, for Christians, or for both. The formulation of this description requires reflection on the Christian tradition and its sources: Christian ideas of revelation, scripture, the Word of God, and possible words of God.

Lexical Choice and Rhetorical Expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
Peter Feldmeier
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
Lexical Choice ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
Fourth Lateran Council ◽  
Religious Other ◽  
The Church

Many religions understand themselves as fundamentally aligned to a givenculture or people. Hinduism is intrinsically connected to the Indian cultureand caste system. Daoism and Confucianism are highly integrated into theChinese spirit and the cultural mentality of the Orient. Shinto’s cosmology,myths, and rites concern themselves solely with the Japanese. Even in theWest, Judaism locates itself with the people of Israel. Jews welcome converts,but Judaism has never seen itself as a proselytizing religion. Islamis convinced that Muhammad’s message is both universal and constitutesthe highest revelation. Thus, it is a proselytizing religion. But Muslims historicallyand today believe that non-Muslims can be saved in the contextof their own religious traditions, particularly if these are monotheistic.Christianity perhaps stands alone as a religion that has historically believedthat membership in the church is necessary for salvation. Add to this thatRoman Catholicism had believed that Catholic membership was necessary.As the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) declared, “There is only one universalchurch of the faithful, outside which none can be saved.” More recently,most Christians, including Catholics, think that God’s saving grace is availableoutside its ecclesial boarders, but this is a modern idea.What then to think of the religious other? In the seventeenth century,a Catholic had few conceptual choices. One was to consider religious othersand their sacred texts as valuable preparation for the gospel, and thusadmire what could be admired in them. They had something of what St.Justin Martyr called the Logos spermatikos, seeds of the Word. This includedthe principle of inculturation whereby European culture was not to beconflated with Christianity. This principle became policy, at least in theory, ...

scholarly journals “AHIMSA” PRINCIPLE IN THE RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES OF ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-834
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Reznik ◽  
Olga V. Dekhnich ◽  
Sergey A. Kutomanov ◽  
Maksim A. Maidansky ◽  
Yana S. Filatova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
World Views ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose: The paper is focused on the development of the ahimsa principle and its specifics in the ideology of ancient and contemporary India, in its religious and cultural practices. Methodology: An in-depth analysis of the sacred texts of Brahmanism, Jainism, and Hinduism allows to provide a philosophical and anthropological definition of the concepts of violence and non-violence in Indian ideology and its religious and cultural practices. A review of the concepts of violence and non-violence in the religions of contemporary and ancient India is made. Result: The author concludes that issues of violence and non-violence in religious traditions are primarily based on prerequisites connected with religion and world views resulting from concepts concerning the beginnings of life. Hinduism emerged from concepts of Universal sacrifice as the origin of being, that is why its interpretation of violence and non-violence is different from that in monotheistic religious traditions.  Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of “AHIMSA” Principle in the Religious and Cultural Practices of Ancient and Contemporary India is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

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