Interfacial Layer - A New Mechanism for Electromechanical Response

2004 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Li ◽  
Z.-Y. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Layer ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Interface Layer ◽  
Interface State ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTElectric field induced phase transition has been used to explain the high strain response in some PVDF-based EAP. However, it is hard to understand some features (such as the relationship between the strain and the preload) of elastomers - an important type of EAPs. In this paper, we reported the study of recrystallization on high-energy-electron irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer. The morphology and structure as well as the structural transformation in the recrystallized copolymers were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, DSC, FTIR, and polarization measurements. The effect of crosslinking induced by the irradiation is discussed. The results suggest that a new interface layer existed in the recrystallized polymers. The partially ordered interfacial layer is a novel micro-origin of a high polarization obtained in an EAP. Based on this concept, the effect of preload on the E-M performance of the elastomers can be well explained. A new method to develop high performance electroactive polymer is outlined by using the interface state.

scholarly journals Ionic transport and atomic structure of AgI-HgS-GeS2 glasses

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1807-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayan Zaiter ◽  
Mohammad Kassem ◽  
Daniele Fontanari ◽  
Arnaud Cuisset ◽  
Chris J. Benmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Glass Network ◽  
Ionic Transport ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wide Composition Range ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tetrahedral Environment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dft Modelling

Abstract Quasi-ternary (AgI)x(HgS)0.5−x/2(GeS2)0.5−x/2 glasses, 10−4≤x≤0.6 were studied over a wide composition range covering nearly 4 orders of magnitude in the mobile cation content. The glasses show a remarkable increase of the ionic conductivity by 12 orders of magnitude and exhibit two drastically different ion transport regimes: (i) a power-law critical percolation at x≲0.04, and (ii) a modifier-controlled conductivity, exponentially dependent on x≳0.1. Using Raman spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray diffraction supported by DFT modelling of the Raman spectra we show that the glass network is essentially formed by corner-sharing CS-GeS4/2 tetrahedra. Mercury sulfide in glasses is dimorphic. The majority of Hg species (70% at x<0.2) exist as two-fold coordinated (HgS2/2)n chains. Silver species have mixed (2I+2S) tetrahedral environment forming either edge–sharing ES-Ag2I2S4/2 dimers or corner-sharing (CS-AgI2/2S2/2)n chains. The relationship between the ionic transport and atomic structure of the glasses is discussed.

GaP-TiO2-C Nanocomposite as High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries Anode

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 3897-3902
Author(s):  
Vo Pham Hoang Huy ◽  
Jaehyun Hur
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

GaP-TiO2-C composites with three different C concentrations are synthesized via a high-energy mechanical milling. The analysis of the structural characteristics of GaP-TiO2-C using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the nanosized GaP and TiO2 crystallites are uniformly distributed in the amorphous C matrix. The GaP-TiO2-C(20%) composite exhibits a high Na storage capacity of 266 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles, and the remarkable rate capability of 224 mAh g−1 even at the higher current density of 10 A g−1. In addition, the GaP-TiO2-C(20%) composite presents great cycling performance and the capacity of 213 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 300 cycles. The outstanding cycling performance and rate capability of GaP-TiO2-C(20%) anode can be attributed to the favorable morphology of GaP-TiO2-C composite that accommodates large volume changes during cycling.

Charting the relationship between phase type-surface area-interactions between the constituent atoms and oxygen reduction activity of Pd–Cu nanocatalysts inside fuel cells by in operando high-energy X-ray diffraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (16) ◽  
pp. 7355-7365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazan Maswadeh ◽  
Shiyao Shan ◽  
Binay Prasai ◽  
Yinguang Zhao ◽  
Zhi-Hui Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
In Operando ◽  
The Relationship

HE-XRD elucidates the link between structural changes of catalysts inside PEMFCs and the performance of PEMFCs.

Characterizations of Synthetic 8mol% YSZ with Comparison to 3mol %YSZ for HT-SOFC

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4A) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
Abeer F. Al-Attar ◽  
Saad B. H. Farid ◽  
Fadhil A. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
X Ray

In this work, Yttria (Y2O3) was successfully doped into tetragonal 3mol% yttria stabilized Zirconia (3YSZ) by high energy-mechanical milling to synthesize 8mol% yttria stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) used as an electrolyte for high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (HT-SOFC). This work aims to evaluate the densification and ionic conductivity of the sintered electrolytes at 1650°C. The bulk density was measured according to ASTM C373-17. The powder morphology and the microstructure of the sintered electrolytes were analyzed via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The chemical analysis was obtained with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to obtain structural information of the starting materials and the sintered electrolytes. The ionic conductivity was obtained through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the air as a function of temperatures at a frequency range of 100(mHz)-100(kHz). It is found that the 3YSZ has a higher density than the 8YSZ. The impedance analysis showed that the ionic conductivity of the prepared 8YSZ at 800°C is0.906 (S.cm) and it was 0.214(S.cm) of the 3YSZ. Besides, 8YSZ has a lower activation energy 0.774(eV) than that of the 3YSZ 0.901(eV). Thus, the prepared 8YSZ can be nominated as an electrolyte for the HT-SOFC.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Chloroprene/Natural/Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposite Properties Using Organoclays and Their Combination with Carbon Black as Fillers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Patricia Castaño-Rivera ◽  
Isabel Calle-Holguín ◽  
Johanna Castaño ◽  
Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas ◽  
Karen Galvez-Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Organoclay nanoparticles (Cloisite® C10A, Cloisite® C15) and their combination with carbon black (N330) were studied as fillers in chloroprene/natural/butadiene rubber blends to prepare nanocomposites. The effect of filler type and load on the physical mechanical properties of nanocomposites was determined and correlated with its structure, compatibility and cure properties using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and rheometric analysis. Physical mechanical properties were improved by organoclays at 5–7 phr. Nanocomposites with organoclays exhibited a remarkable increase up to 46% in abrasion resistance. The improvement in properties was attributed to good organoclay dispersion in the rubber matrix and to the compatibility between them and the chloroprene rubber. Carbon black at a 40 phr load was not the optimal concentration to interact with organoclays. The present study confirmed that organoclays can be a reinforcing filler for high performance applications in rubber nanocomposites.

scholarly journals In-Situ High-Energy X-ray Diffraction Study of Austenite Decomposition During Rapid Cooling and Isothermal Holding in Two HSLA Steels

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1812-1825
Author(s):  
Sen Lin ◽  
Ulrika Borggren ◽  
Andreas Stark ◽  
Annika Borgenstam ◽  
Wangzhong Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isothermal Holding ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Decomposition Kinetics ◽  
Bainitic Transformation ◽  
Austenite Decomposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rapid Cooling ◽  
X Ray

AbstractIn-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments with high temporal resolution during rapid cooling (280 °C s−1) and isothermal heat treatments (at 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C for 30 minutes) were performed to study austenite decomposition in two commercial high-strength low-alloy steels. The rapid phase transformations occurring in these types of steels are investigated for the first time in-situ, aiding a detailed analysis of the austenite decomposition kinetics. For the low hardenability steel with main composition Fe-0.08C-1.7Mn-0.403Si-0.303Cr in weight percent, austenite decomposition to polygonal ferrite and bainite occurs already during the initial cooling. However, for the high hardenability steel with main composition Fe-0.08C-1.79Mn-0.182Si-0.757Cr-0.094Mo in weight percent, the austenite decomposition kinetics is retarded, chiefly by the Mo addition, and therefore mainly bainitic transformation occurs during isothermal holding; the bainitic transformation rate at the isothermal holding is clearly enhanced by lowered temperature from 550 °C to 500 °C and 450 °C. During prolonged isothermal holding, carbide formation leads to decreased austenite carbon content and promotes continued bainitic ferrite formation. Moreover, at prolonged isothermal holding at higher temperatures some degenerate pearlite form.

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