Microfabricated 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

2004 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Mata ◽  
Aaron J. Fleischman ◽  
Shuvo Roy
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Motion Control ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Film ◽  
Pore Geometry ◽  
Pdms Mold ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Multiple Levels

ABSTRACTMicrofabrication and soft lithographic techniques are combined to develop three-dimensional (3D) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds comprising multiple levels of meandering pore geometry textured with 10 μm posts. Both micro-architecture and surface micro-textures have been shown to selectively stimulate cell and tissue behavior. To achieve a 3D scaffold with precise micro-architecture and surface micro-textures, 100 μm thick PDMS films were manufactured using a stacking technique to realize a 66% porous 3D structure with 200 × 400 μm horizontal through holes, 300 μm diameter vertical through holes and 71% surface coverage with 10 μm diameter and 10 μm high posts. Each PDMS porous film level was manufactured by the dual-sided molding of uncured PDMS between a three level SU-8 photoresist mold (of 200, 10, and 100 μm thick features) and a PDMS mold with 10 μm deep micro-textures. Dual-sided molding was achieved using a custom motion control mechanical jig that allowed relative mold alignment to within ∼ ±10 μm.

Selective Laser Foaming for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture on a Compact Disc

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
JinGyu Ock ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Porous Structure ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compact Disc ◽  
Laser Exposure ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Tissue Model

A selective laser foaming process is developed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffold on a commercially available compact disc (CD) made of polycarbonate (PC). The laser-foamed 3D structure could be utilized to form high throughput perfusion-based tissue model device. In this study, effects of significant parameters and the morphology of porous structure were analyzed. As a result, laser foaming of gas saturated polycarbonate creates inverse cone-shaped wells with 3D porous structure on the surface region and the pores are tens of micrometers in diameter. The size of the well is dependent on the laser power and laser exposure time. The pore size relies on the gas concentration in the PC CD samples. The fabricated micro-scale porous scaffolds will be used to create centrifugal force driven two-chamber tissue model system arrays for high throughput drug testing.

A Parallel Multiple Layer Cryolithography Device for the Manufacture of Biological Material for Tissue Engineering

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Ukpai ◽  
Joseph Sahyoun ◽  
Robert Stuart ◽  
Sky Wang ◽  
Zichen Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Object ◽  
New Device ◽  
Biological Matter ◽  
Simple Product ◽  
Printing Processes

While three-dimensional (3D) printing of biological matter is of increasing interest, current linear 3D printing processes lack the efficiency at scale required to mass manufacture products made of biological matter. This paper introduces a device for a newly developed parallel additive manufacturing technology for production of 3D objects, which addresses the need for faster, industrial scale additive manufacturing methods. The technology uses multilayer cryolithography (MLCL) to make biological products faster and in larger quantities by simultaneously printing two-dimensional (2D) layers in parallel and assembling the layers into a 3D structure at an assembly site, instead of sequentially and linearly assembling a 3D object from individual elements as in conventional 3D printing. The technique uses freezing to bind the 2D layers together into a 3D object. This paper describes the basic principles of MLCL and demonstrates the technology with a new device used to manufacture a very simple product that could be used for tissue engineering, as an example. An evaluation of the interlayer bonding shows that a continuous and coherent structure can be made from the assembly of distinct layers using MLCL.

scholarly journals Effects of Process Parameters on Structure and Properties of Melt-Blown Poly(Lactic Acid) Nonwovens for Skin Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ewa Dzierzkowska ◽  
Anna Scisłowska-Czarnecka ◽  
Marcin Kudzin ◽  
Maciej Boguń ◽  
Piotr Szatkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nonwoven Material ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Skin Regeneration ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Scaffold

Skin regeneration requires a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for cell adhesion, growth and proliferation. A type of the scaffold offering a 3D structure is a nonwoven material produced via a melt-blown technique. Process parameters of this technique can be adapted to improve the cellular response. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used to produce a nonwoven scaffold by a melt-blown technique. The key process parameters, i.e., the head and air temperature, were changed in the range from 180–270 °C to obtain eight different materials (MB1–MB8). The relationships between the process parameters, morphology, porosity, thermal properties and the cellular response were explored in this study. The mean fiber diameters ranged from 3 to 120 µm. The average material roughness values were between 47 and 160 µm, whereas the pore diameters ranged from 5 to 400 µm. The calorimetry thermograms revealed a correlation between the temperature parameters and crystallization. The response of keratinocytes and macrophages exhibited a higher cell viability on thicker fibers. The cell-scaffold interaction was observed via SEM after 7 days. This result proved that the features of melt-blown nonwoven scaffolds depended on the processing parameters, such as head temperature and air temperature. Thanks to examinations, the most suitable scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration were selected.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Evaluation of Electrospun, 3D-Bioplotted, and Combination of Electrospun/3D-Bioplotted Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana F. Mellor ◽  
Pedro Huebner ◽  
Shaobo Cai ◽  
Mahsa Mohiti-Asli ◽  
Michael A. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrospun Scaffold ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Electrospun Scaffolds ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Digitally Controlled ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Heterogeneous Tissue ◽  
Heterogeneous Tissues

Electrospun scaffolds provide a dense framework of nanofibers with pore sizes and fiber diameters that closely resemble the architecture of native extracellular matrix. However, it generates limited three-dimensional structures of relevant physiological thicknesses. 3D printing allows digitally controlled fabrication of three-dimensional single/multimaterial constructs with precisely ordered fiber and pore architecture in a single build. However, this approach generally lacks the ability to achieve submicron resolution features to mimic native tissue. The goal of this study was to fabricate and evaluate 3D printed, electrospun, and combination of 3D printed/electrospun scaffolds to mimic the native architecture of heterogeneous tissue. We assessed their ability to support viability and proliferation of human adipose derived stem cells (hASC). Cells had increased proliferation and high viability over 21 days on all scaffolds. We further tested implantation of stacked-electrospun scaffold versus combined electrospun/3D scaffold on a cadaveric pig knee model and found that stacked-electrospun scaffold easily delaminated during implantation while the combined scaffold was easier to implant. Our approach combining these two commonly used scaffold fabrication technologies allows for the creation of a scaffold with more close resemblance to heterogeneous tissue architecture, holding great potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications of osteochondral tissue and other heterogeneous tissues.

scholarly journals Fabrication PEGDA/ANFs Biomaterial as 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffold by DLP 3D Printing Tecshnology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffold ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Fused Deposition

Although traditional fabrication methods (electrospinning, solvent casting, freeze drying, etc...) can be used to produce scaffold, unfortunately, each of them has many limitations such as difficulty to control distinct 3D structure and porosity. These limitations can be easily overcome by unconventional techniques such as Fused Deposition Method (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Stereolithography (SLA) to produce tissue engineering scaffold. Among the three, SLA offers the lowest cost, fastest printing speed and highest resolution. Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing process is one of the SLA techniques which has been used a lot to fabricate tissue engineering scaffold based on Poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) material. However, there is no report published on the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffold based PEGDA filled with Aramid Nanofiber (ANFs). Hence, the feasible parameter setting for fabricating this material using DLP technique is currently unknown. The aim of this work is to establish the best feasible condition to fabricate PEGDA/ANFs 3D scaffold. ANFs was synthesized first from macro size Kevlar fiber prior to crosslinking with Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) photoinitiator. The mixing ratio of PEGDA resin to ANFs was fixed to 9:1. The concentration of TPO was varied at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.7% wt. while the resin concentration was fixed at 30% during the mixing to produce three set of biomaterials. Calibration printing was conducted prior to actual printing with the purpose of eliminating unprintable TPO concentration. The final scaffold was printed using DLP machine (FEMTO…) at two different curing times i.e 70 and 80s to obtain a good shape and printable 3D structure. The synthesized ANFs showed that a single diameter in nano size at a range of 50 nm ~ 80 nm was able to produce. During calibration printing, it was found that 1.7%wt of TPO failed to produce a 3D profile shape. The final printing results of 0.5%wt and 1%wt of TPO were compared after being cured at 70s and 80s. It was observed that the printed 3D scaffold of 1%wt TPO at 70s curing time produces the most discernable shape of tensile specimen (ISO 37:2011) than the other three conditions. The findings from this study can be potentially used a guideline for developing a 3D structure of tissue engineering scaffold by using DLP 3D printing process.

scholarly journals Aligned 3D porous polyurethane scaffolds for biological anisotropic tissue regeneration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Lin ◽  
Wanling Lan ◽  
Yingke Wu ◽  
Daiguo Zhao ◽  
Yanchao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Pure Material ◽  
Muscle Nerve

Abstract A green fabrication process (organic solvent-free) of artificial scaffolds is required in tissue engineering field. In this work, a series of aligned three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are made from biodegradable waterborne polyurethane (PU) emulsion via directional freeze–drying method to ensure no organic byproducts. After optimizing the concentration of polymer in the emulsion and investigating different freezing temperatures, an aligned PUs scaffold (PU14) generated from 14 wt% polymer content and processed at −196°C was selected based on the desired oriented porous structure (pore size of 32.5 ± 9.3 μm, porosity of 92%) and balanced mechanical properties both in the horizontal direction (strength of 41.3 kPa, modulus of 72.3 kPa) and in the vertical direction (strength of 45.5 kPa, modulus of 139.3 kPa). The response of L929 cells and the regeneration of muscle tissue demonstrated that such pure material-based aligned 3D scaffold can facilitate the development of orientated cells and anisotropic tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, these pure material-based scaffolds with ordered architecture have great potentials in tissue engineering for biological anisotropic tissue regeneration, such as muscle, nerve, spinal cord and so on.

Development of Bioreactor System for Generating Three-Dimensional (3D) Tissue Engineering

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 902-907
Author(s):  
S. Rad ◽  
M. Normahira ◽  
M.N. Anas
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Perfusion Culture ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Porous Network ◽  
Bioreactor System ◽  
Fluid Flow Analysis

In this study, perfusion bioreactor has been employed for generating a three dimensional (3D) tissue engineering. In flow perfusion culture, the culture medium is forced through the internal porous network of the scaffold. This can mitigate internal diffusional limitations present in 3D scaffold to enhance nutrient delivery and waste removal from the cultured cells. In order to validate this design, a fluid flow analysis has been conducted to show that it has a uniform flow distribution value for cell cultured conditions. This bioreactor system also equip with the temperature controller system to ensure the bioreactor temperature is always at 37°C in order to mimic human body temperature.

Methods for three-dimensional reconstruction of cellular components within a thick section

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
J. Frank ◽  
B. F. McEwen ◽  
M. Radermacher ◽  
C. L. Rieder
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Tomographic Reconstruction ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thick Section ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Axis Ratio ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Cellular Components

The tomographic reconstruction from multiple projections of cellular components, within a thick section, offers a way of visualizing and quantifying their three-dimensional (3D) structure. However, asymmetric objects require as many views from the widest tilt range as possible; otherwise the reconstruction may be uninterpretable. Even if not for geometric obstructions, the increasing pathway of electrons, as the tilt angle is increased, poses the ultimate upper limitation to the projection range. With the maximum tilt angle being fixed, the only way to improve the faithfulness of the reconstruction is by changing the mode of the tilting from single-axis to conical; a point within the object projected with a tilt angle of 60° and a full 360° azimuthal range is then reconstructed as a slightly elliptic (axis ratio 1.2 : 1) sphere.

Polymorphic phase transition of a membrane protein - analysis of continuous diffuse electron diffraction intensity

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Dorset ◽  
Andrew K. Massalski
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pore Geometry ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Polymorphic Phase Transition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Crystallographic Study ◽  
Hexagonal Form ◽  
Polymorphic Forms

Matrix porin, the ompF gene product of E. coli, has been the object of a electron crystallographic study of its pore geometry in an attempt to understand its function as a membrane molecular sieve. Three polymorphic forms have been found for two-dimensional crystals reconstituted in phospholipid, two hexagonal forms with different lipid content and an orthorhombic form coexisting with and similar to the hexagonal form found after lipid loss. In projection these have been shown to retain the same three-fold pore triplet geometry and analyses of three-dimensional data reveal that the small hexagonal and orthorhombic polymorphs have similar structure as well as unit cell spacings.

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