A Preliminary Chemical Toxicity Assessment for the Nirex Disposal Concept

2003 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Askarieh ◽  
R. Atkinson ◽  
A. J. Baker ◽  
A. V. Chambers ◽  
T. G. Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Geological Repository ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste ◽  
Term Management

ABSTRACTThe role of Nirex is to provide the United Kingdom with safe, environmentally sound and publicly acceptable options for the long-term management of all intermediate level and some low level radioactive waste. Nirex has developed its Phased Disposal Concept as one option for the long-term management of radioactive materials. The Phased Disposal Concept represents a stepwise and reversible approach to the disposal of radioactive waste within a deep geological repository that involves the immobilisation of wastes in containers (mainly fabricated from stainless steel) that are surrounded by a cementitious backfill.The wastes for potential disposal contain materials that may require consideration on the basis of their potential non-radiological hazards. This paper describes a preliminary two-stage methodology for assessing the post-closure impact of the disposal of chemically toxic materials to a conceptual Nirex repository. The study suggests some materials either exceeded current estimates of safe levels, or their impact could not be quantified at this stage but was considered to be of concern. These materials included beryllium, phenol, benzene, and nitrite.

The Management of Historic Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste in the United Kingdom

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Horsley ◽  
Bruce McKirdy
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste ◽  
The Uk

Nirex is the organisation responsible for long-term radioactive waste management in the UK. Our Mission is to provide the UK with safe, environmentally sound and publicly acceptable options for the long-term management of radioactive materials. The United Kingdom has a significant legacy of long-lived intermediate level radioactive waste. This has arisen from 50 years of investigation and exploitation of nuclear technology. Some of the waste is stored in old facilities that do not provide the standards of containment that would be incorporated in modern facilities. Also the risk to people and to the environment from the inventory in these facilities will increase with time as the structures age and degrade, increasing the chance of containment failure. There is, therefore, a need to retrieve this raw waste and process and package it to make it demonstrably safe for continued storage, pending a decision on disposal of radioactive waste. This packaging should, as far as is practicable, be compatible with the UK long-term waste management strategy. Nirex has developed its Phased Disposal Concept for intermediate and low-level radioactive waste. Based on that concept, Nirex has developed waste package specifications and carries out assessments of waste packaging proposals. For legacy wastes it may not always practicable to demonstrate full compliance with all Nirex disposal criteria. This paper describes an approach, agreed between Nirex and BNFL, for managing these wastes. The proposed approach takes account of long-term waste management issues whilst recognising the need for timely improvement of storage conditions.

The Role of the National Low Level Waste Repository Operator in Delivering New Solutions for the Management of Low Level Wastes in the UK

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Walkingshaw
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Parent Body ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Waste Repository ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Village ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

The UK National Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR) is located near to the village of Drigg in West Cumbria. It is the principal site for disposal of solid Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLW) in the United Kingdom. This paper describes the program of work currently being undertaken by the site’s operators, (LLW Repository Ltd and its newly appointed Parent Body Organisation), to extend the life of the LLWR and reduce the overall cost of LLW management to the UK taxpayer. The current focus of this program is to prevent disposal capacity being taken up at LLWR by waste types which lend themselves to alternative treatment and/or disposition routes. The chosen approach enables consignors to segregate LLW at source into formats which allow further treatment for volume reduction or, (for wastes with lower levels of activity), consignment in the future to alternative disposal facilities. Segregated waste services are incorporated into LLW Disposal commercial agreements between the LLWR operator and waste consignors.

scholarly journals COVID-19 related mortality in post-operative cardiac surgical patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar Hussain ◽  
Amina Khalil ◽  
Priyanka Kolvekar ◽  
Prity Gupta ◽  
Shyamsunder Kolvekar
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Elective Cardiac Surgery ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Cardiac Operations ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic of unprecedented proportions. Elective cardiac surgery has been universally postponed with only urgent and emergency cardiac operations being performed. The National Health Service in the United Kingdom introduced national measures to conserve intensive care beds and significantly limit elective activity shortly after lockdown. Case presentation We report two cases of early post-operative mortality secondary to COVID-19 infection immediately prior to the implementation of these widespread measures. Conclusion The role of cardiac surgery in the presence of COVID-19 is still very unpredictable and further studies on both short term and long term outcomes are warranted.

scholarly journals Long-term lysimeter field testing of low-level radioactive waste forms

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Jr. McConnell ◽  
R.D. Rogers ◽  
J.D. Jastrow ◽  
W.E. Sanford ◽  
T.M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Waste Forms ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

General Approach to the Long-Term Management at a Former Radium Production Site in Olen, Belgium

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Dorado Lopez ◽  
Peter D. Preter
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Metallurgical Company ◽  
Term Management

The paper describes the methodology that ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials, in consultation with the metallurgical company who aims the Olen-site, is developing and wants to apply to arrive at a safe and sustainable long-term solution in Olen. The complex problematic in Olen and how this does fit in the legal missions of ONDRAF/NIRAS is also presented.

scholarly journals Assessment of the climate changes evolution for the long-term safety of the radioactive waste repository in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Markéta Camfrlová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Deep Geological Repository ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Geological Repository

Nuclear energy accounts for a significant part of the total energy production in the Czech Republic, which is currently facing a problem dealing with the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) and the spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Deep repository is the safest option for storage of HLW. Rock environment of the area must guarantee the stability of the deep geological repository for at least 100,000 years. The aim of the research is a long-term evaluation of the climatic changes of the hypothetical area of interest, which corresponds to the candidate sites for deep geological repository in the Czech Republic. The occurrences of endogenous and exogenous phenomena, which could affect site stability, were evaluated. Concerning exogenous processes, research focuses mainly on the assessment of climatic effects. The climate scenarios for the Central Europe were examined – global climate change, glaciation, and the depth of permafrost as well as CO2 increase.

scholarly journals Multiple roles of clays in radioactive waste confinement – introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 482 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Simon Norris
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Geological Disposal ◽  
Clayey Material ◽  
Engineered Barriers ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Term Management

AbstractGeological disposal provides the safe long-term management solution for higher-activity radioactive waste. The development of a repository (or geological disposal facility) requires a systematic and integrated approach, taking into account the characteristics of the waste to be emplaced, the enclosing engineered barriers, and the host rock and its geological setting.Clays and clayey material are important in the development of many national geological disposal systems. Clays exhibit many interesting properties, and are proposed both as host rocks and as material for engineered barriers. Whatever their use, clays present various characteristics that make them high-quality barriers to the migration of radionuclides and chemical contaminants. As host rocks, clays are, in addition, hydrogeologically, geochemically and mechanically stable over geological timescales (i.e. millions of years).

Current Status of the Radioactive Waste Management Programme in Spain

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Lang-Lenton Leo´n ◽  
Emilio Garcia Neri
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Radioactive Waste Management ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Intermediate Storage ◽  
Term Management

Since 1984, ENRESA is responsible of the radioactive waste management and the decommissioning of nuclear installations in Spain. The major recent challenge has been the approval of the Sixth General Radioactive Waste Plan (GRWP) as “master plan” of the activities to be performed by ENRESA. Regarding the LILW programme, the El Cabril LILW disposal facility will be described highlighting the most relevant events especially focused on optimizing the existing capacity and the start-up of a purpose–built disposal area for VLLW. Concerning the HLW programme, two aspects may be distinguished in the direct management of spent fuel: temporary storage and long-term management. In this regards, a major challenge has been the decision adopted by the Spanish Government to set up a Interministerial Committee for the establishment of the criteria that must be met by the site of the Centralized Intermediate Storage (CTS) facility as the first and necessary step for the process. Also the developments of the long-term management programme will be presented in the frame of the ENRESA’s R&D programme. Finally, in the field of decommissioning they will be presented the PIMIC project at the CIEMAT centre and the activities in course for the decommissioning of Jose´ Cabrera NPP.

Independent Monitoring of Solid Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposals in the UK

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Daish ◽  
N. A. Leech
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

The independent monitoring of solid low level radioactive waste (LLW) in the United Kingdom is undertaken by NNC Limited on behalf of The Environment Agency to ensure that disposals are within the authorised limits. Waste consignments are seized by the Agency prior to disposal and are transported to the Waste Quality Checking Laboratory (WQCL) at Winfrith, where the contents are analysed and assessed by destructive and non-destructive testing. All work performed at the laboratory is qualified by a Quality Assurance System which has been accredited by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS). This paper outlines the regulatory framework for control of LLW disposals in the UK and describes the techniques used at WQCL for radioactive waste assessment.

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