Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper 450 Metres Underground. Results From Three Years Exposure in the Äspö HRL

2003 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claes Taxén
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Atmospheric Exposure ◽  
Äspö Hrl ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTResults from an atmospheric exposure of copper at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) are reported. Corrosion test coupons were exposed under sheltered conditions at 450 meters depth. The exposure was performed in order to gain insight into the likely state of a copper canister surface at the time when water begins to fill a repository for nuclear waste. The conditions for the experiment were selected to be relevant for the conditions predicted for a repository during an initial dry phase. Visual observations show that copper exposed at ambient temperature remained bright and shiny whereas coupons exposed at elevated temperature had a dull greenish appearance.

Sorption of Actinides onto Granite and Altered Material from Äspö HRL

2003 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kienzler ◽  
Jürgen Römer ◽  
Dieter Schild ◽  
Walter Bernotat
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Sorption Properties ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Sorption Coefficient ◽  
Fe Oxide ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Oxide Phases ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Äspö Hrl

ABSTRACTWithin the scope of a bilateral cooperation between Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB) and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung (FZK-INE), actinide migration experiments with Pu, Am, and Np are conducted at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. Migration experiments are complemented by batch experiments providing detailed information on the relevant retention processes for actinides onto granite and altered fracture material. The same kinds of experiments are performed with well defined minerals. α-autoradiography and XPS were used to quantify local sorption properties of the rock samples. It is shown that Np is retained by reduction to Np(IV) in the presence of Fe(II) minerals. The sorption coefficient for Pu is significantly higher compared to Np or U. Pu retention takes place on a multitude of minerals. Sorption of U is also strongly correlated with the occurrence of Fe oxide phases.

scholarly journals Effect of Oxide Scale Microstructure on Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Hot Rolled Steel Strip

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Bin Sun ◽  
Lei Cheng ◽  
Chong-Yang Du ◽  
Jing-Ke Zhang ◽  
Yong-Quan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Oxide Scale ◽  
Corrosion Product ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rust Layer ◽  
Hot Rolled

The atmospheric corrosion behavior of a hot-rolled strip with four types (I–IV) of oxide scale was investigated using the accelerated wet–dry cycle corrosion test. Corrosion resistance and porosity of oxide scale were studied by potentiometric polarization measurements. Characterization of samples after 80 cycles of the wet–dry corrosion test showed that scale comprised wüstite and magnetite had strongest corrosion resistance. Oxide scale composed of inner magnetite/iron (>70%) and an outer magnetite layer had the weakest corrosion resistance. The corrosion kinetics (weight gain) of each type of oxide scale followed an initial linear and then parabolic (at middle to late corrosion) relationship. This could be predicted by a simple kinetic model which showed good agreement with the experimental results. Analysis of the potentiometric polarization curves, obtained from oxide coated steel electrodes, revealed that the type I oxide scale had the highest porosity, and the corrosion mechanism resulted from the joint effects of electrochemical behavior and the porosity of the oxide scale. In the initial stage of corrosion, the corrosion product nucleated and an outer rust layer formed. As the thickness of outer rust layer increased, the corrosion product developed on the scale defects. An inner rust layer then formed in the localized pits as crack growth of the scale. This attacked the scale and expanded into the substrate during the later stage of corrosion. At this stage, the protective effect of the oxide scale was lost.

Evaluation Method for Time-Dependent Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Plate Using Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring Sensor

2009 ◽  
Vol 417-418 ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigenobu Kainuma ◽  
Kunihiro Sugitani ◽  
Yoshihiro Ito ◽  
In Tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Corrosion Sensor ◽  
Atmospheric Exposure ◽  
Corrosive Environments

The purpose of this research is to propose a method for evaluating the time-dependent corrosion behavior of carbon steel plates using an atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM) corrosion sensor consisting of a Fe/Ag-galvanic couple. Atmospheric exposure tests were carried out on steel　plates for periods of 6, 12, and 24-months on the island of Okinawa in Japan. The Specimens were mounted on racks at angles of 0, 45 and 90 to the horizontal to obtain corrosion data in various corrosive environments. In addition, the environments of the skyward- and groundward-facing surfaces of the specimens were monitored using ACM sensors. The sensor outputs were recorded during the exposure tests.

scholarly journals Viruses in granitic groundwater from 69 to 450 m depth of the Äspö hard rock laboratory, Sweden

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E Kyle ◽  
Hallgerd S C Eydal ◽  
F Grant Ferris ◽  
Karsten Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Granitic Groundwater

Modelling the Prototype Repository

2018 ◽  
Vol 482 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Tsitsopoulos ◽  
S. Baxter ◽  
D. Holton ◽  
J. Dodd ◽  
S. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Fracture Network ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Modelling Methodology

AbstractThe Prototype Repository (PR) tunnel is located at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory near Oskarshamn in the southeast of Sweden. In the PR tunnel, six full-sized deposition holes (8.37 m deep and 1.75 m in diameter) have been constructed. Each deposition hole is designed to mimic the Swedish reference system for the disposal of nuclear fuel, KBS-3V. The PR experiment is designed to provide a full-scale simulation of the emplacement of heat-generating waste. There are three phases to the experiment: (1) the open tunnel phase following construction, where both the tunnel and deposition holes are open to atmospheric conditions; (2) the emplacement of canisters (containing heaters), backfill and seal in the first section of the tunnel; and (3) the emplacement of canisters, backfill and seal in the second section of the tunnel. This work describes the numerical modelling, performed as part of the engineered barrier systems (EBS) Task Force, to understand the thermo-hydraulic (TH) evolution of the PR experiment and to provide a better understanding of the interaction between the fractured rock and bentonite surrounding the canister at the scale of a single deposition tunnel. A coupled integrated TH model for predicting the wetting and the temperature of bentonite emplaced in fractured rock was developed, accounting for the heterogeneity of the fractured rock. In this model, geometrical uncertainties of fracture locations are modelled by using several stochastic realizations of the fracture network. The modelling methodology utilized information available at early stages of site characterization and included site statistics for fracture occurrence and properties, as well as proposed installation properties of the bentonite. The adopted approach provides an evaluation of the predictive capability of models, it gives an insight of the uncertainties to data and demonstrates that a simplified equivalent homogeneous description of the fractured host rock is insufficient to represent the bentonite resaturation.

scholarly journals Electric resistivity and seismic refraction tomography, a challenging joint underwater survey at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Ronczka ◽  
Kristofer Hellman ◽  
Thomas Günther ◽  
Roger Wisen ◽  
Torleif Dahlin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Fracture Zones ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Refraction Tomography ◽  
Local Point ◽  
General Test

Abstract. Tunnelling below water passages is a challenging task in terms of planning, pre-investigation and construction. Fracture zones in the underlying bedrock lead to low rock quality and thus reduced stability. For natural reasons they tend to be more frequent at water passages. Ground investigations that provide information of the subsurface are necessary prior to the construction phase, but can be logistically difficult. Geophysics can help close the gaps between local point information and produce subsurface images. An approach that combines seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography has been tested at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL). The aim was to detect fracture zones in a well-known but logistically and, from a measuring perspective, challenging area. The presented surveys cover a water passage along a part of a tunnel that connects surface facilities with an underground test laboratory. The tunnel is approximately 100 m below and 20 m east of the survey line and gives evidence for one major and several minor fracture zones. The geological and general test site conditions, e.g. with strong powerline noise from the nearby nuclear power plant, are challenging for geophysical measurements. Co-located positions for seismic and ERT sensors and source positions are used on the 450 m long underwater section of the 700 m long profile. Because of a large transition zone that appeared in the ERT result and the missing coverage of the seismic data, fracture zones at the southern and northern part of the underwater passage cannot be detected by separated inversion. A simple synthetic study shows significant three dimensional artefacts corrupting the ERT model that have to be taken into account while interpreting the results. A structural coupling cooperative inversion approach is able to image the northern fracture zone successfully. In addition, previously unknown sedimentary deposits with a significant large thickness are detected in the otherwise unusually well documented geological environment. The results significantly improve imaging of some geologic features, which would have been not detected or misinterpreted otherwise, and combines the images by means of cluster analysis to a conceptual subsurface model.

scholarly journals Siderophore Production by Pseudomonas stutzeri under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (18) ◽  
pp. 5857-5864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia A. Essén ◽  
Anna Johnsson ◽  
Dan Bylund ◽  
Karsten Pedersen ◽  
Ulla S. Lundström
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽  
Siderophore Production ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

ABSTRACT The siderophore production of the facultative anaerobe Pseudomonas stutzeri, strain CCUG 36651, grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, was investigated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The bacterial strain has been isolated at a 626-m depth at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, where experiments concerning the geological disposal of nuclear waste are performed. In bacterial culture extracts, the iron in the siderophore complexes was replaced by gallium to facilitate siderophore identification by mass spectrometry. P. stutzeri was shown to produce ferrioxamine E (nocardamine) as the main siderophore together with ferrioxamine G and two cyclic ferrioxamines having molecular masses 14 and 28 atomic mass units lower than that of ferrioxamine E, suggested to be ferrioxamine D2 and ferrioxamine X1, respectively. In contrast, no siderophores were observed from anaerobically grown P. stutzeri. None of the siderophores produced by aerobically grown P. stutzeri were found in anaerobic natural water samples from the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory.

scholarly journals Permeability Enhancement and Fracture Development of Hydraulic In Situ Experiments in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter Zimmermann ◽  
Arno Zang ◽  
Ove Stephansson ◽  
Gerd Klee ◽  
Hana Semiková
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Permeability Enhancement ◽  
Rock Laboratory ◽  
Fracture Development ◽  
In Situ Experiments
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