The Hydrogen Programs in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qidong Wang ◽  
Changpin Chen Yongquan Lei ◽  
Lixing Chen ◽  
Xinghua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Economy System

ABSTRACTAccording to the stages of development, the hydrogen program in China can be divided into four periods since 1978. The chief activities and accomplishments in each period on hydrogen production, hydrogen processing and use of hydrogen in the form of energy are introduced. The work of consciously transforming the present energy system based upon coal-firing power plants and petroleum powered internal combustion engine vehicles into a hydrogen economy system with primary energy mainly based on renewable energies and recycling of biomass and the use of both electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors is just on its start.

АКУСТИЧНА ПОМІТНІСТЬ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ З СИЛОВИМИ УСТАНОВКАМИ НА БАЗІ ПОРШНЕВИХ ДВИГУНІВ

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-80
Author(s):  
В. В. Руденко ◽  
И. В. Калужинов ◽  
Н. А. Андрущенко
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Acoustic Signature ◽  
Static Conditions

The presence in operation of many prototypes of UAVs with propeller propellers, the use of such devices at relatively low altitudes and flight speeds makes the problem of noise reduction from UAVs urgent both from the point of view of acoustic imperceptibility and ecology.The aim of the work is to determine a set of methods that help to reduce the visibility of UAVs in the acoustic range. It is shown that the main source of noise from the UAV on the ground is the power plant, which includes the engine and the propeller. The parameters of the power plants influencing the processes that determine the acoustic signature of the UAV were investigated. A comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting visibility was carried out. The power plants include two-stroke and four-stroke engines, internal combustion and two-blade propellers. The use of silencers on the exhaust of the internal combustion engine was considered. The spectral characteristics of the acoustic fields of the propeller-driven power plants for the operating sample of the UAV "Eco" were obtained. The measurements were carried out in one-third octave and 1/48 octave frequency bands under static conditions. The venue is the KhAI airfield. Note that the propellers that were part of the power plants operated at Reynolds numbers (Re0,75<2*105), which can significantly affect its aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics. It is shown that when choosing a UAV control system, one should take into account the fact that two-stroke piston engines are the dominant source in the noise of propeller-driven control systems in the absence of a hood and mufflers in the intake and exhaust tracts. The use of a four-stroke internal combustion engine significantly reduces the noise of the control system. In the general case, the position of the boundaries of the zone of acoustic visibility of a UAV at the location of the observer is determined by the ratio between the intensity of acoustic radiation perceived by the observer from the UAV and the intensity of sound corresponding to the natural acoustic background and depends on the degree of manifestation of acoustic effects accompanying the propagation of sound in a turbulent atmosphere - the refraction of sound waves. Absorption and dissipation of acoustic energy. The calculation and comparison of the UAV detection range was carried out taking into account the existing natural maskers.The results of experimental studies are presented that allow assessing the degree of acoustic signature of the UAV. A set of measures aimed at reducing the intensity of the acoustic signature of the UAV in various regions of the radiation spectrum has been determined.

Possibility of using gas lubricant in the cylinders of internal combustion engines of transport vehicles

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Piston ◽  
Suspension Stiffness ◽  
Gas Layer

The prospects of using the gas-static suspension of the internal combustion engine piston in transport vehicles and power plants are considered. The diagram of the piston and the method for calculating the stiffness and bearing capacity of the gas layer surrounding the piston are presented, as well as the results of experiments that showed the relevance of this method. The possibility of gas and static centering of the engine piston is confirmed. Keywords: internal combustion engine, piston, gasstatic suspension, stiffness, bearing capacity, gas medium. [email protected]

Integrated Anaerobic Digester and Fuel Cell Power Generation System for Community Use

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Falkenstein-Smith ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Ryan Milcarek ◽  
Jeongmin Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Power System ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
New York State ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Optimal Performance

New York State is expected to experience future population growth that is increasingly concentrated in urban areas, where there is already a heavy burden on the existing energy, water and waste management infrastructure. To meet aggressive environmental standards (such as that established by the State’s “80x50” goal), future electrical power capacity must produce substantially fewer greenhouse gas emissions than currently generated by coal- or natural gas-fired power plants. Currently, biogas is combusted to produce heat and electricity via an internal combustion engine generator set. A conventional internal combustion engine generator set is 22–45 % efficient in converting methane to electricity, thus wasting 65–78 % of the biogas energy content unless the lower temperature heat can be recovered. Fuel cells, on the other hand, are 40–60 % efficient in converting methane to electrical energy, and 80–90 % efficient for cogeneration if heat (> 400 °C) is recovered and utilized for heating and cooling in the community power system. This current research studies the feasibility of a community biomass-to-electricity power system which offers significant environmental, economic and resilience improvements over centrally-generated energy, with the additional benefit of reducing or eliminating disposal costs associated with landfills and publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs). Flame Fuel Cell (FFC) performance was investigated while modifying biogas content and fuel flow rate. A maximum power density peak at 748 mWcm-2 and an OCV of 0.856 V was achieved. It should be noted that the performance obtained with the model biofuel is comparable to the performances of direct methane fueled DC-SOFC and SC-SOFC. The common trends also concluded an acceptable range for optimal performance. Although the methane to CO2 ratios of 3:7 and 2:8 produced power, they are not the strongest ratios to have optimal performance, meaning that operation should stay between the 6:4/4:6 ratio range. Lastly, the amount of air added to the biogas mixture is crucial to achieving the optimal performance of the cell. The data obtained confirmed the feasibility of a biofuel driven fuel cell CHP device capable of achieving higher efficiency than existing technologies. The significant power output produced from the sustainable biogas composition is competitive with current hydrocarbon fuel sources. This idea can be expanded for a community waste management infrastructure.

scholarly journals The issue of improving the efficiency of nitrogen oxide neutralization systems in diesel internal combustion engines

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
A.V. Shabanov ◽  
◽  
D.V. Kondratiev ◽  
V.K. Vanin ◽  
A.Yu. Dunin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Exhaust Gas

The most effective method of reducing nitrogen oxides in diesel exhaust gas is selective purifica-tion by the SCR-NH3 method. The method uses ammonia released during thermolysis and hydroly-sis of a urea solution when it is injected through a nozzle into a neutralizer. This method has a rela-tively low efficiency of cleaning the exhaust gas from nitrogen oxides. The main factor hindering the achievement of high efficiency of the NOx neutralization system is the insufficiently high tem-perature during the implementation of this process. The article analyzes various ways to increase the efficiency of the neutralization process and proposes a new method for neutralizing NOx by using urea injection into the cylinders of the inter-nal combustion engine at the expansion stroke in a diesel internal combustion engine. Efficiency can be achieved due to a higher exhaust gas temperature in the cylinder of the internal combustion engine and an increase in the time of the process of thermolysis and hydrolysis of urea. The kinetics of the decomposition of nitrogen oxides, the process of NH3 oxidation, and the cal-culation of temperature conditions in the cylinder of a diesel internal combustion engine at the ex-haust cycle are considered. The experience of neutralization of NOx contained in the flue gases of thermal power plants, where NOx purification takes place at high temperatures without the use of a catalyst, is analyzed. It is shown that the modernization of the SCR-NH3 process, due to the injection of urea at the exhaust stroke in a diesel internal combustion engine, will simplify the existing method of NOx neutralization and at the same time obtain additional advantages for a modern high-speed engine

Estimation of the efficiency of the thermal cycle of a piston internal combustion engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermal Cycle ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Heat Cycle ◽  
Hybrid Power Plant

Authors Rusinov R.V., Hoodorozhkov S.I., Dobretsov R.Yu., [email protected]. Estimation of the efficiency of the thermal cycle of a piston internal combustion engine The article proposes a simplified technique for the operational assessment of the efficiency of the heat cycle of a piston internal combustion engine. A feature of the developed computational model is the release of the amount of heat consumed for the production of only mechanical energy in the form of a separate component of the heat balance of the cycle. The value of this component is determined by calculation (or according to the results of experiments) in advance, which makes it possible to reduce the number of pre(determined initial data. The methodology is based on a mathematical description of thermodynamic processes occurring during the development of the thermal cycle of an engine with ignition of the working mixture from compression (diesel engine), which allows it to be expanded to new engines of design, including those operating under electronic control. The objects for the application of the calculation method can be diesel engines installed on transport vehicles, both individually and as part of a hybrid power plant, as well as engines of stationary or transportable power plants. The very principle underlying the model can be implemented for engines of other purposes and other thermal cycles. Keywords: heat cycle; the working process; diesel; heat content of the working fluid; expansion

Optimization of CHCP Operation Strategy: Cost vs Primary Energy Consumption Minimization

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Luigi Facci ◽  
Luca Andreassi ◽  
Fabrizio Martini ◽  
Stefano Ubertini
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Fuel Price

An effective methodology to determine the optimal operational strategy for a complex CHCP plant is presented. The model is based on the minimization of a chosen variable and it is organically developed integrating thermodynamics and economics. The graph-based optimization algorithm is developed in order to find the optimal set-points of the energy system components in a sufficiently short-time. By this way the model is applicable to real industrial problems, especially when the energy is sold to the electricity market. The problem in study is discretized in time and plant states, represented as weighted graph, and the strategy that minimizes the total cost is determined using backward dynamic programming. The proposed methodology has been applied to the optimization of the set-point of an internal combustion engine based plant used to satisfy an hospital energy load, under different seasonal load conditions (winter, summer and transitional seasons) and energy prices. Two different optimization criteria are considered, namely economical optimization and primary energy consumption minimization. It is then demonstrated that the model can be effectively applied to analyze the cost and profit in energy conversion in power plants, related to electricity price, fuel price, running of turbine and auxiliary equipment, service power consumption. In particular, the chosen test case demonstrates not only the model reliability but also the economical and thermodynamic convenience of using the model itself to optimize the plant.

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