The Effect of Surface on the Kinetics of Crystallization of Pd-Si Glassy Metals

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Calka ◽  
A. P. Radliński

IntroductionThe isothermal devitrification by nucleation and growth of metallic glasses is usually analysed using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation: where x is the volume fraction crystallized after time t, K is a thermally activated rate constant, τ is the nucleation lag time, and n is the so-called Avrami exponent. If the nucleation conditions and growth morphology remain unchanged during the crystallization then n is a constant. There is ample experimental evidence that for the Pd-Si system the growth process is either eutectic or interface-controlled. Therefore, one expects n=3 for crystallization on pre-existing nuclei (zero nucleation rate) and n=4 for crystallization at constant nucleation rate, both for three-dimensional growth. When the growth dimensionality is decreased by one these values decrease stepwise by one as well.

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 2010-2013
Author(s):  
Jin Hong Li ◽  
Hong Wen Ma ◽  
Ling Xin Tong ◽  
Xiao Qian Jiang

This research presented the kinetics of mullite formation in fly ash-bauxite reactants couples. Experiment on isothermal conversion of fly ash-bauxite at 1100°C, 1300°C, 1500°C has been carried out. XRD was used to quantitatively measure the content of mullite specimens sintered at different temperatures and times. The kinetics curve of conversion ratio versus time has been drawn. The results obtained showed that the full transformation of fly ash-bauxite to mullite takes place between 1300 °C and 1500 °C. The activation energy of secondary mullite formation is deduced to be 151 kJ/mol in the range of 1100-1500°C. The growth morphology parameter, n, is about 1.14 and 0.45 at 1100°C and 1500°C, respectively, indicating that bulk nucleation is dominant in mullite crystallization followed by three-dimensional growth of mullite crystal controlled by diffusion, but at 1500 °C diffusion process dominates mullite formation process.


Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Wenjun Song ◽  
Min Lei ◽  
Mingpan Wan ◽  
Chaowen Huang

In this study, the phase transformation behaviour of the carburised layer and the matrix of 23CrNi3Mo steel was comparatively investigated by constructing continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram, determining the volume fraction of retained austenite (RA) and plotting dilatometric curves. The results indicated that Austenite formation start temperature (Ac1) and Austenite formation finish temperature (Ac3) of the carburised layer decreased compared to the matrix, and the critical cooling rate (0.05 °C/s) of martensite transformation is significantly lower than that (0.8 °C/s) of the matrix. The main products of phase transformation in both the carburised layer and the matrix were martensite and bainite microstructures. Moreover, an increase in carbon content resulted in the formation of lamellar martensite in the carburised layer, whereas the martensite in the matrix was still lath. Furthermore, the volume fraction of RA in the carburised layer was higher than that in the matrix. Moreover, the bainite transformation kinetics of the 23CrNi3Mo steel matrix during the continuous cooling process indicated that the mian mechanism of bainite transformation of the 23CrNi3Mo steel matrix is two-dimensional growth and one-dimensional growth.


Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Makarov ◽  
Gennadii Afonin ◽  
Yurii Mitrofanov ◽  
Nikolai Kobelev ◽  
Vitaly Khonik

We show that the kinetics of endothermal and exothermal effects occurring in the supercooled liquid state and upon crystallization of metallic glasses can be well reproduced using temperature dependences of their shear moduli. It is argued that the interrelation between the heat effects and shear modulus relaxation reflects thermally activated evolution of interstitial-type defect system inherited from the maternal melt.


Author(s):  
Dora Janovszky ◽  
Maria Sveda ◽  
Anna Sycheva ◽  
Ferenc Kristaly ◽  
Ferenc Zámborszky ◽  
...  

AbstractA remarkable number of scientific papers are available in the literature about the bulk amorphous alloys and metallic glasses. Today, DSC is an essential tool for amorphous alloys research and development, and of course for quality assurance. In many cases, users seek to examine the determination of only one or two properties, although much more information can be obtained from the measurements. The research involved structural relaxation, Curie temperature, glass temperature, crystallization, phase separation, nanocrystalline volume fraction, melting point and liquidus temperature determination subjects and kinetics of microstructural transformations induced by thermal treatment. We collected and present the information that can be obtained with this technique and draws the reader’s attention to some potential problems related to data interpretation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 913 ◽  
pp. 765-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neng Bin Hua ◽  
Wen Zhe Chen ◽  
Zhen Long Liao

In this study, the effects of Zr content on the bending property, non–isothermal and isothermal crystallization kinetics of high–Zr–based BMGs were investigated. The BMGs exhibit high bending strength and their bending plasticity enhances with increasing Zr content, which is due to more free volume with high–Zr–content. During continuous heating, the crystallization phases for Zr66 and Zr70 BMGs are Zr2Cu and Zr2Ni phases. Zr70 alloy exhibits the highest activation energies for glass transition and crystallization because of the sluggish diffusion of large Zr atoms. Under isothermal condition, the average Avrami exponent of Zr66 alloy modeled by the JMA equation is about 2.6, implying a diffusion–controlled three dimensional crystallization growth with an increasing nucleation rate. The average Avrami exponent of 2.0 for Zr70 alloy indicates a diffusion–controlled three dimensional crystallization growth with a decreasing nucleation rate, which can be attributed to its higher activation energy for crystallization.


2007 ◽  
Vol 1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Petrusenko ◽  
Alexander Bakai ◽  
Valeriy Borysenko ◽  
Dmitro Barankov ◽  
Oleksandr Astakhov ◽  
...  

AbstractThe problem of structural properties and structural defects of amorphous solids is still of vital importance. To make clear whether stable point defects exist in metallic glasses (MGs) or not, we have studied the accumulation and recovery kinetics of radiation defects in ZrTiCuNiBe and ZrTiCuNiAl bulk MGs irradiated with 2.5 MeV electrons at T ∼ 80 K. The electrical resistance measurements of the irradiated samples were performed. The recovery spectrum of irradiation-induced electrical resistance was measured for the 85–300 K temperature range. The most important result of the recovery experiments is that they clearly show the annealing stages for the irradiated samples. Two annealing peaks located at T∼150 K and T∼225 K are resolved for ZrTiCuNiBe glass. Similar peaks are also revealed for ZrTiCuNiAl. It can be concluded from the data that the defect mobility is a thermally activated process, and that the activation energy is not as high as that for vacancies in crystalline alloys. Thus, the data obtained testify in favor of the structure with “perfect” local ordering of atoms. It should be noted that this property is basic in the formulation of the polycluster model of amorphous solids.


2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 921-925
Author(s):  
Jeong Min Kim ◽  
Sok Yun Hong ◽  
Ji Hun Jang ◽  
Kyung Jong Lee

The grain coarsening temperature in Nb microalloyed steels is investigated by multiphase-field model. In this study, the pinning force is treated as time-dependent using mean-field kinetics of precipitates including volume fraction and their size. The grain size is calculated with time under various temperature range. The grain coarsening temperature is determined by the ratio of the largest radius of grain vs. the average grain radius criteria (Rmax / Ravg > 2.94) in two-dimensional growth. Through this model, it is possible to simulate grain growth in microalloyed steels more precisely.


Author(s):  
Е.В. Школьников

Ранее [Школьников, 2014] исследованы структурно-химические особенноcти полупроводниковых стекол AsSe1.5Snx, склонных к ситаллизации (равномерной объемной кристаллизации). Стекла с 5 и 7.4 ат.% Sn (х = 0,13 и 0,20) синтезировали методом вакуумной плавки, как правило, из особо чистых элементных веществ при различных температурах в интервале 700−950 С с последующей закалкой ампул с расплавами в воздухе. Методами 119Sn мёссбауэровской спектроскопии, рентгенофазового анализа, измерения плотности и микротвердости закаленных образцов исследована кинетика ступенчатых превращений при изотермической cиталлизации в интервале температур 210−310 С. Анализ кинетики валовой объемной кристаллизации стекол выполнен по данным измерения плотности с использованием уравнения Колмогорова–Аврами, обобщенного на ступенчатые и неполные изотермические превращения. Установлено, что на первой ступени изотермической ситаллизации стекол в низкотемпературном интервале 210−255 С преобладают гомогенное зарождение и трехмерный рост тонкодисперсных кристаллов фазы SnSe, инициирующей на второй ступени гетерогенное зарождение и двумерный рост кристаллов основной кристаллохимическиподобной фазы As2Se3. Реконструктивная кристаллизация исследованных стекол связана с непрерывным изменением химического состава и описывается интервалом значений энергии активации. При температурах 260−310 С на первой ступени выделяется смесь фаз SnSe и SnSe2 с преобладанием фазы SnSe на начальных стадиях, а выделение основной кристаллической фазы As2Se3 сильно замедлено или не фиксируется. In the article [Shkolnikov, 2014], structural-chemical features of AsSe1.5Snx semiconducting glasses, prone to sitallization (uniform bulk crystallization), were investigated. Glasses with 5 and 7.4 at. % Sn (x = 0.13 and 0.20) were synthesized by vacuum melting, usually from extremely pure elemental substances at various temperatures in the range of 700-950 C followed by quenching ampoules with melts in air. The kinetics of stepwise transformations during bulk isothermal crystallization of AsSe1.5Snx glasses has been studied in the temperature range of 210−310 °С using 119Sn Mȍssbauer spectroscopy, x-ray phase analysis, and the density and microhardness measurements of the quenched samples. The kinetics of the gross bulk crystallization of glasses have been analyzed according to the data on density measurement using the Kolmogorov–Avrami equation, which was generalized on stepwise and incomplete isothermal transformations. It was found that the first stage of isothermal sitallization of glasses in the low-temperature range of 210–255 С is dominated by homogeneous nucleation and three-dimensional growth of finely dispersed SnSe phase crystals, which initiate heterogeneous nucleation and two-dimensional growth of crystals of the main crystallochemically similar phase of As2Se3 at the second stage. Reconstructive crystallization of the investigated glasses is associated with a continuous change in the chemical composition and is described by an interval of values of the activation energy. At the temperatures of 260–310 °C the first step separates a mixture of SnSe and SnSe2 phases with the predominance of the SnSe phase in the initial stages, and the precipitation of the basic crystalline phase of As2Se3 is strongly retarded or not fixed.


2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1406-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ohkubo ◽  
D. Nagahama ◽  
T. Mukai ◽  
K. Hono

We have investigated the compression stress–strain behaviors of Ti40Zr25Cu12Ni3Be20 bulk metallic glasses prepared by Cu mold casting from various melt temperatures. Plastic strain was found to vary sensitively on the temperature of melts and subsequent annealing conditions. To understand the origin of the plasticity change, the microstructures were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and a laser-assisted three-dimensional atom probe. The fully amorphous sample cast from 1273 K showed 0.6% plastic strain, and it was enhanced to 1.3% after isothermal annealing at 573 K. The sample cast from 1423 K showed 3.0% plastic strain, from which the presence of nanocrystals with a volume fraction of about 12% was confirmed. The sample cast from a higher temperature (1573 K) contained a larger fraction of crystals, which showed limited plastic strain. The effect of the volume fraction of the nanocrystals on the plasticity of bulk metallic glasses is discussed based on the experimental results.


Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gláucio Soares da Fonseca ◽  
Priscila Sousa Nilo Mendes ◽  
Ana Carolina Martins Silva

Duplex stainless steels (DSS) and superduplex stainless steels (SDSS) are important classes of stainless steels, because they combine the benefits of austenite and ferrite phases. This results in steels with better mechanical properties and higher corrosion resistance. Owing to these characteristics, DSS and SDSS are widely employed in industry. However, the appearance of undesirable intermetallic phases in their microstructure impairs the properties of DSS and SDSS. Among the undesirable intermetallic phases, the main one is the sigma phase (σ), which can be nucleated when the steel is exposed to the temperature range between 650 °C and 900 °C, reducing the steel’s toughness and resistance to corrosion. In a previous work, Fonseca and collaborators used two descriptors of the microstructural path to analyze the formation of sigma phase (σ), the interfacial area per unit volume between sigma phase and austenite (SV), and the mean chord length of sigma (<λ>), both as a function of VV, the volume fraction of sigma, known in the literature as the microstructural partial path (MP). In this work, the contiguity ratio is applied for the first time to describe the microstructural path in the study of sigma phase precipitation in SDSS. The contiguity ratio shows that the distribution of the ferrite/sigma boundaries is homogeneous. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that one has a uniform distribution of sigma phase nuclei within the ferrite. About the kinetics of sigma phase formation, the DSS can be described by the classical Johnson-Mehl, Avrami, and Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation, whereas for the SDSS, the kinetics tend to follow the Cahn model for grain edge nucleation. Finally, we present the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the sigma phase in SDSS. The results demonstrate that the sigma phase nucleates at the edges of the ferrite/austenite interfaces. Moreover, the sigma phase grows and consumes the ferrite, but is not fully interconnected.


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