On the Nature of Heterogeneity in Vacuum Deposited Polyaniline Films

1999 ◽  
Vol 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. F. Ivanov ◽  
A. A. Nekrasov ◽  
K. V. Cheberyako ◽  
O. L. Gribkova ◽  
A. V. Vannikov
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Macroscopic Scale ◽  
Polyaniline Films ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
Intermediate Oxidation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Oxidative Agents

AbstractHeterogeneity of polyaniline and other conductive polymers in intermediate oxidation states is fundamental problem of physics and chemistry of these ones. Usually only advanced methods may be used for immediate detection of the heterogeneity in the molecular scale range. For the first time we have observed the process of the heterogeneous net-like structure formation in macroscopic scale under the oxidation of the evaporated polyaniline films by aqueous HNO3. and other oxidative agents. Formation of heterogeneous structure is explained in terms of nonequilibrium thermodynamic and chemical kinetics.

The Polyanilines: a Novel Class of Conducting Polymers

1989 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Macdiarmid ◽  
Arthur J. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
Protonic Acid ◽  
Polyaniline Films ◽  
Doped Polyaniline ◽  
Commercial Polymers ◽  
Intermediate Oxidation

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of polyaniline in its fully oxidized, fully reduced and selected average intermediate oxidation states is described together with the synthesis of a self-protonic acid doped polyaniline. The processing of polyaniline films and fibers by thermal stretching to give conductivities up to ∼100 S/cm is reported. Both doped and undoped polyaniline fibers have tensile strengths approaching those of commercial polymers.

scholarly journals The inflation of viscoelastic balloons and hollow viscera

2018 ◽  
Vol 474 (2218) ◽  
pp. 20180102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo De Pascalis ◽  
William J. Parnell ◽  
I. David Abrahams ◽  
Tom Shearer ◽  
Donna M. Daly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Constitutive Behaviour ◽  
Viscoelastic Shell ◽  
Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equation ◽  
Nonlinear Viscoelastic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nonlinear Elastic ◽  
First Time

For the first time, the problem of the inflation of a nonlinear viscoelastic thick-walled spherical shell is considered. Specifically, the wall has quasilinear viscoelastic constitutive behaviour, which is of fundamental importance in a wide range of applications, particularly in the context of biological systems such as hollow viscera, including the lungs and bladder. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the model in fitting relaxation tests associated with the volumetric inflation of murine bladders . While the associated nonlinear elastic problem of inflation of a balloon has been studied extensively, there is a paucity of studies considering the equivalent nonlinear viscoelastic case. We show that, in contrast to the elastic scenario, the peak pressure associated with the inflation of a neo-Hookean balloon is not independent of the shear modulus of the medium. Moreover, a novel numerical technique is described in order to solve the nonlinear Volterra integral equation in space and time originating from the fundamental problem of inflation and deflation of a thick-walled nonlinear viscoelastic shell under imposed pressure.

scholarly journals An Approach to Risk Assessment and Threat Prediction for Complex Object Security Based on a Predicative Self-Configuring Neural System

Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Nikolai Vladimirovich Korneev ◽  
Julia Vasilievna Korneeva ◽  
Stasis Petrasovich Yurkevichyus ◽  
Gennady Ivanovich Bakhturin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Assessment Problems ◽  
First Time

We identified a set of methods for solving risk assessment problems by forecasting an incident of complex object security based on incident monitoring. The solving problem approach includes the following steps: building and training a classification model using the C4.5 algorithm, a decision tree creation, risk assessment system development, and incident prediction. The last system is a predicative self-configuring neural system that includes a SCNN (self-configuring neural network), an RNN (recurrent neural network), and a predicative model that allows for determining the risk and forecasting the probability of an incident for an object. We proposed and developed: a mathematical model of a neural system; a SCNN architecture, where, for the first time, the fundamental problem of teaching a perceptron SCNN was solved without a teacher by adapting thresholds of activation functions of RNN neurons and a special learning algorithm; and a predicative model that includes a fuzzy output system with a membership function of current incidents of the considered object, which belongs to three fuzzy sets, namely “low risk”, “medium risk”, and “high risk”. For the first time, we gave the definition of the base class of an object’s prediction and SCNN, and the fundamental problem of teaching a perceptron SCNN was solved without a teacher. We propose an approach to neural system implementation for multiple incidents of complex object security. The results of experimental studies of the forecasting error at the level of 2.41% were obtained.

scholarly journals PARMENIDAS: TEISINGUMAS KAIP RAKTAS Į BŪTIES PRIGIMTĮ

Problemos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 131-154
Author(s):  
Skirmantas Jankauskas
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Justice Theory ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Good Society ◽  
Logical Foundation ◽  
Ethical Content ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Straipsnyje aptariama filosofijai pamatinė būties problema. Tyrimo atspirties tašku pasirinkta Parmenido poema, kurioje bene pirmą kartą vakarietiškoje filosofavimo tradicijoje būtis ne tik paminima, bet ir pagrindžiama. Parodoma, kad logiškai patrauklūs poemos antrosios dalies svarstymai ne tik nepagrindžia būties aptikimo būdo, bet ir neteikia nuorodų jos turiniui apibrėžti. Papildomų užuominų aptiktoms problemoms spręsti ieškoma platoniškai interpretuojant paprastai ignoruojamą Parmenido poemos mįslingąją pradžią. Interpretuojant tą pradžią kaip būties atradimo kontekstą, joje minimas žirgų traukiamas vežimaitis susiejamas su Faidro dvikinke, o kelionė link Nakties ir Dienos vartų – su Puotos „teisinguoju keliu“. Tačiau pagrindinis dėmesys telkiamas mėginant paaiškinti parmenidiškąją nuorodą, kad vartus, atveriančius tiesioginę būties pažinimo prieigą, saugo Teisingumas. Daroma prielaida, kad Platonas pasinaudoja šia nuoroda konstruodamas teisingumo požiūriu tobulą polinę sąrangą. Faidre nenusisekus teoriškai temizuoti dorybę, Platonas pasmerkia teoriją įkūnijantį raštą dėl jo ribotumo asimiliuojant filosofui rūpimus etinius turinius, tačiau savo užmačios neatsisako. Tariama, kad Politejoje Platonas mėgina temizuoti dorybę susiedamas ją su teorijai tiesiogiai prieinamu teisingumu. Siekdamas persmelkti teisingumą dorybe, Platonas net priverstas doriškai tobulą filosofą padaryti valdovu. Ir nors Politejoje teoriškai temizuoti dorybės nepavyksta, tačiau tobulo teisingumo konstravimo veiksmas apnuogina būties prigimtį, t. y. jos sąlygotumą gėrio vertybe. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: būtis, dorybė, teisingumas, teorija, tiesa, grožis, gėris, sociumas.Parmenides: Justice as a Clue to the Nature of BeingSkirmantas Jankauskas SummaryThe paper deals with the fundamental problem of philosophy – the problem of being. The research begins with the analysis of the famous poem of Parmenides where, for the first time in the Western tradition of philosophy, the being, apart from being just mentioned, is also provided with a logical foundation. It is demonstrated here that the logically attractive considerations of the second part of the poem both fail to substantiate the discovery of the being and give no hints about its content. The way to deal with the above mentioned problems is found in the typically ignored beginning of the poem. Clues for the explication of the mysterious proem are sought in some Plato’s dialogues. The chariot drawn by steeds in Parmenides’ poem is associated with the representation of the soul as a charioteer driving two steeds in Plato’s Phaedrus, and the ride towards the gates of Night and Day is associated with the concept of the “right way” in Plato’s Symposium respectively. However, attention is focused on Parmenides’ reference that the gate dividing Night and Day is guarded by Justice. An assumption is made that Plato exploits this reference while constructing his ideally just state. Failing to theoretically thematize virtue in Phaedrus, Plato blames writing which incorporates theory for its inability to assimilate the ethical content, but refuses to abandon this undertaking. It is supposed that in The Republic Plato continues his effort of theoretical thematization of virtue by trying to relate the latter to justice which is directly accessible by theory. In striving to enable justice to embrace the content of virtue, Plato is even compelled to make a virtueincorporating philosopher preside over his ideal state. Nonetheless, Plato fails to reach his direct objective in The Republic. However, the action of constructing ideal justice quite unexpectedly reveals the origin of being, i.e. its subordination to the Good.Keywords: being, virtue, justice, theory, truth, the beautiful, the good, society.

Characterization of Intermediate Oxidation States in CO2Activation

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah G. Dodson ◽  
Michael C. Thompson ◽  
J. Mathias Weber
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation States ◽  
Intermediate Oxidation

Heterogeneous structured MoSe2–MoO3 quantum dots with enhanced sodium/potassium storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (44) ◽  
pp. 23395-23403
Author(s):  
Wen Liu ◽  
Jujun Yuan ◽  
Youchen Hao ◽  
Hirbod Maleki Kheimeh Sari ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Quantum Dot ◽  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
First Time

A quantum dot-assisted self-assembled MoSe2–MoO3 heterogeneous structure is investigated for sodium/potassium storage for the first time. The quantum dot-assisted self-assembled MoSe2–MoO3 anode possesses a better electrochemical performance.

Macroscopic sexual dimorphism in Fucus radicans (Phaeophyceae) with implications for its reproductive ecology

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Schagerström ◽  
Lena Kautsky
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Reproductive Ecology ◽  
Macroscopic Scale ◽  
First Time

AbstractSexual dimorphism on a macroscopic scale is unusual within the Phaeophyceae. We report for the first time macroscopic sexual dimorphism in

scholarly journals FSMI: Fast computation of Shannon mutual information for information-theoretic mapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1155-1177
Author(s):  
Zhengdong Zhang ◽  
Theia Henderson ◽  
Sertac Karaman ◽  
Vivienne Sze
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
3D Environments ◽  
Information Metric ◽  
Computational Difficulty ◽  
First Time ◽  
Efficient Data Structures ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Exploration tasks are embedded in many robotics applications, such as search and rescue and space exploration. Information-based exploration algorithms aim to find the most informative trajectories by maximizing an information-theoretic metric, such as the mutual information between the map and potential future measurements. Unfortunately, most existing information-based exploration algorithms are plagued by the computational difficulty of evaluating the Shannon mutual information metric. In this article, we consider the fundamental problem of evaluating Shannon mutual information between the map and a range measurement. First, we consider 2D environments. We propose a novel algorithm, called the fast Shannon mutual information (FSMI). The key insight behind the algorithm is that a certain integral can be computed analytically, leading to substantial computational savings. Second, we consider 3D environments, represented by efficient data structures, e.g., an OctoMap, such that the measurements are compressed by run-length encoding (RLE). We propose a novel algorithm, called FSMI-RLE, that efficiently evaluates the Shannon mutual information when the measurements are compressed using RLE. For both the FSMI and the FSMI-RLE, we also propose variants that make different assumptions on the sensor noise distribution for the purpose of further computational savings. We evaluate the proposed algorithms in extensive experiments. In particular, we show that the proposed algorithms outperform existing algorithms that compute Shannon mutual information as well as other algorithms that compute the Cauchy–Schwarz quadratic mutual information (CSQMI). In addition, we demonstrate the computation of Shannon mutual information on a 3D map for the first time.

Formation of the heterogeneous structure of the vacuum deposited polyaniline films

2001 ◽  
Vol 119 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 375-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor F. Ivanov ◽  
Kirill V. Cheberjako ◽  
Aleksandr A. Nekrasov ◽  
Anatoly V. Vannikov
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Polyaniline Films
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