scholarly journals Adhesive Bonding Via Exposure to Variable Frequency Microwave Radiation

1996 ◽  
Vol 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix L. Paulauskas ◽  
April D. McMillan ◽  
C. David Warren

AbstractAdhesive bonding through the application of variable frequency microwave (VFM) radiation has been evaluated as an alternative curing method for joining composite materials. The studies showed that the required cure time of a thermosetting epoxy adhesive is substantially reduced by the use of VFM when compared to conventional (thermal) curing methods. Variable frequency microwave processing appeared to yield a slight reduction in the required adhesive cure time when compared to processing by the application of single frequency microwave radiation. In contrast to the single frequency processing, the variable frequency methodology does not readily produce localized overheating (burnt or brown spots) in the adhesive or the composite. This makes handling and location of the sample in the microwave oven less critical for producing high quality bonds and allows for a more homogeneous distribution of the cure energy. Variable frequency microwave processing is a valuable alternative method for rapidly curing thermoset adhesives at low input power levels.

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia F. Mead ◽  
Aravind Ramamoorthy ◽  
Shapna Pal ◽  
Z. Fathi ◽  
I. Ahmad

This paper discusses an innovative technique for rapid cure of polymeric encapsulants such as underfills used in direct chip attach devices using variable frequency microwaves (VFM). VFM processing reduces the cure time for underfill encapsulants to 10 min or less, as compared to 30 or more minutes when using convection oven methods. We report here the results of our investigations measuring key material attributes of VFM and conventionally cured underfill encapsulant samples, and we also have characterized voiding and delamination characteristics of flip-chip with underfill test structures. Finally, particle settling in the flip-chip with underfill test structures has been characterized. Our results show that the VFM technique produces underfill attributes that are comparable to conventionally cured samples.


1994 ◽  
Vol 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Demeuse ◽  
Arvid C. Johnson

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on the use of variable frequency microwave processing to uniformly heat and post-cure large (>100 cm2) plates of thermoset polymer matrix composite (PMC) material consisting of isocyanate/epoxy mixtures. Prior work has indicated that microwave energy is capable of reducing the time or the temperature necessary to achieve full cure; however, single-frequency microwave heating results in non-uniformity of heating/curing in areas of over 12.5 cm2. By using a Variable Frequency Microwave Furnace and sweeping the microwave power over the 5 to 6 GHz frequency range at a power level of 150 Watts, uniform heating and curing of the PMC plates was achieved over an area of greater than 100 cm2-- and a volume of greater than 200 cm3. The overall temperature gradient across the surface of the plates was less than 10%. Finally, this paper also reports on observed, volume-related heating effects, which are postulated to be the result of heat loss from the sample surface.


Author(s):  
С.П. Исаев ◽  
К.А. Шевчук

Современное развитие деревоперерабатывающей отрасли сопровождается существенным ростом объемов готовой продукции, производимой на основе клееной древесины. Качество выпускаемой клееной продукции во многом определяется свойствами применяемых клеев. Экспериментально исследовано влияние электромагнитного поля СВЧ-диапазона на структуру клеев, применяемых для склеивания древесины. Установлено, что СВЧ-обработка оказывает существенное влияние на микроструктуру поливинилацетатного клея Dorus 072. Структура клеевой пленки, обработанной СВЧ-излучением, имеет более высокую дисперсность, по сравнению с исходным полимером, которая выражается в среднем уменьшении глобул в 1,4 раза. Исследование фазового контраста пленки поливинилацетатного клея, обработанного СВЧ-излучением, позволило установить, что после обработки уменьшается фазовая неоднородность клеевой пленки и имеет место углубление дисперсности глобул полимера, приводящее к увеличению степени его упаковки с образованием однородной по структуре пленки. Экспериментальные исследования пленок карбамидоформальдегидного клея Dorus FU 406, подвергнутого СВЧ-обработке, показали, что структуры образцов пленок как обработанного, так и необработанного, клея не отличаются значительными изменениями. Исследование фазового сдвига по поверхности образца пленки карбамидоформальдегидного клея отражает распределение свойств материала и показывает, что СВЧ-обработка клея способствует образованию квазигомогенной структуры, формирование которой подтверждается уменьшением различий в границах фазовых переходов микроструктур отвержденного полимера. На основании проведенных экспериментов по исследованию структуры пленок клеев, применяемых для склеивания древесины, установлено, что в результате воздействия электромагнитного поля СВЧ-диапазона на клеевые растворы осуществляется нетепловая модификация, сопровождающаяся уменьшением размеров макромолекул полимера и формированием плотно упакованной структуры пленки. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать вывод о целесообразности дальнейших исследований по модификации клеев СВЧ-обработкой. Modern development of woodworking branches is accompanied by essential growth of volumes of the finished goods manufactured on the basis of glued wood. Quality of let out glued production in many respects is defined by properties of applied glues. Influence of an electromagnetic field of a microwave range on frame of the glues applied to coagglutination of wood is experimentally investigated. It is positioned that microwave processing makes essential impact on a microstructure of polyvinyl acetate glue Dorus 072. The frame of the adhesive film treated by microwave radiation, has higher dispersity in comparison with initial polymer which is expressed on the average reduction of globules in 1,4 times. Research of phase contrast of a film of the treated polyvinyl acetate glue by microwave radiation has allowed to position that after processing phase heterogeneity of an adhesive film decreases and the excavation of dispersity of globules of the polymer, leading to augmentation of degree of its packaging, forming an unimodal film on frame takes place. Experimental researches of films of amino-formaldehyde glue Dorus FU 406, subjected to microwave processing, have shown that Frames of samples of films both treated, and untreated glue do not differ significant changes. Research of phase alteration on a surface of the sample of a film of amino-formaldehyde glue reflects allocation of properties of a stuff and shows that glue microwave processing promotes formation of the quasi-homogeneous frame which formation proves to be true reduction of distinctions in borders of phase changes of microstructures hardning polymer. On the basis of the made experiments on research of frame of films of the glues applied to coagglutination of wood it is positioned that as a result of influence of an electromagnetic field of the microwave oven of a range on glutinous solutions not thermal modification accompanied by reduction of the dimensions of macromolecules of polymer and formation of densely packed frame of a film is carried out. The received results allow to draw a conclusion on expediency of the further researches on modification of glues by microwave processing.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiqing Zhu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Xinping Xu ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that single-frequency microwave radiation can lead to cognitive decline in rats. However, few studies have focused on the combined effects of irradiation with different frequencies of microwaves. Our research aimed to investigate the effects of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwave radiation, singly and in combination, on cognitive function and hippocampal tissue structure in rats. A total of 140 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the S group (sham radiation group), L10 group (10 mW/cm2 1.5 GHz group), C10 group (10 mW/cm2 4.3 GHz band group) and LC10 group (10 mW/cm2 1.5 and 4.3 GHz multi-frequency radiation group). For 1–28 days after microwave radiation, we analyzed the average escape latency for the Morris water maze task, electroencephalograms, change in hippocampal tissue structure and ultrastructure, content of the Nissl body in the hippocampus, and activities of lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase. Compared to the S group, all exposure groups showed varying degrees of learning and memory decline and hippocampal structural damage. The results showed that 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwave radiation was able to induce cognitive impairment and hippocampal tissue damage in rats and combined radiation with both frequencies caused more serious injuries, but none of these damaging effects varied with microwave frequency.


Author(s):  
Dmitry Shprekher ◽  
◽  
Gennady Babokin ◽  
Evgeny Kolesnikov ◽  
Dmitry Ovsyannikov ◽  
...  

The article analyzes the uneven loading of the scraper conveyor electric motors. The most common type of multi-motor conveyor is considered here: two-drive, with head and end drives connected through gearboxes and sprockets by an endless chain with scrapers. The simulation results are presented for three variants of com-binations of parameters of electric drives. It has been established that the use of a two-motor variable frequen-cy drive of a scraper conveyor powered by a single frequency converter inevitably entails uneven loading of the electric motors of the head and end drives. To eliminate this disadvantage, it is proposed to supply each electric motor from its own frequency converter. A system of automatic load balancing is proposed. The implementation and the result of the work of the load balancing system are carried out on a model in the Matlab / Simulink system.


Author(s):  
Santi Pumkrachang

The ultraviolet (UV) curing of slider-suspension attachment is going to change from a manual to an automated process. As a result, the bonding parameters of adhesive between slider and suspension needs to be optimized. This paper aims to study two output responses of the UV curable epoxy adhesive i.e., shear strength force and pitch static attitude (PSA) of the joint between slider and suspension in a head gimbal assembly (HGA). Four process parameters were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) based on face-centered central composite design (FCCD). The RSM was applied to establish a mathematical model to correlate the significance of process parameters and the responses. Then the based multi-objective was applied to determine a quadratic model and obtained the output maximization at 224 g of shear strength force and PSA value close to the target at 1.8 degrees. The input process parameters were optimized at 0.7 s of UV bottom cure time, 120 °C of UV dual side temperature, 5.0 s of UV dual side cure time, and 230 μm of adhesive dot size. The validation experiment showed a prediction response error of less than 7% of the actual value.


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Slobodian ◽  
Pavel Riha ◽  
Robert Olejnik ◽  
Jiri Matyas

The versatile properties of a nanopaper consisting of a porous network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes were applied to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of a thermosetting epoxy polymer. The embedded nanopaper proved useful both in the monitoring of the curing process of the epoxy resin by the self-regulating Joule heating and in the supervising of tensile deformations of the composite by detecting changes in its electrical resistance. When heated by Joule heating above its glass transition temperature, the embedded carbon nanotube nanopaper accelerated not only the modelling of the composites into various shapes, but also the shape recovery process, wherein the stress in the nanopaper was released and the shape of the composite reverted to its original configuration. Lastly, in comparison with its respective epoxy adhesive, the internally heated electro-conductive carbon nanotube nanopaper/epoxy composite not only substantially shortened curing time while retaining comparable strength of the adhesive bonding of the steel surfaces, but also enabled a release of such bonds by repeated application of DC current.


2006 ◽  
Vol 324-325 ◽  
pp. 275-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hilmy ◽  
M.M. Abdel Wahab ◽  
Ian A. Ashcroft ◽  
A.D. Crocombe

In this paper, the characterisation of damage in an epoxy adhesive has been investigated. Bulk adhesive samples were used in this study for two reasons; firstly the stress distribution in the bulk adhesive sample is simpler than that in a joint, secondly, the specimen’s dimensions meet fatigue test specimen standards. Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests with a load ratio of 0.1 and a frequency of 5 Hz were performed on bulk adhesive dumbbell specimens. Damage curves, relating damage in the specimen to number of cycles to failure, were plotted using an isotropic damage equation in which damage is a function of stress, which decreases as damage progresses. The damage curves were then fitted using a LCF damage evolution law. This equation was derived from a dissipation potential function using Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) theory. Curve fitting was performed using a Robust Least Square technique rather than ordinary linear least square because the damage curve has extreme points (usually at the breaking point). Two damage parameters α and β were found from the curve fitting process. This process resulted in different values of α and β for different stress levels. The logarithmic α and β points were then plotted respect against stress level and linear regression was used to determine α and β as a function of stress. With this function, damage parameters for other stress level can be predicted.


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