Improvement in a-Si:H Properties by Inert Gas Plasma Treatment

1996 ◽  
Vol 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Maruyama ◽  
Y. Hishikawa ◽  
M. Tanaka ◽  
S. Kiyama ◽  
S. Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Surface Reaction ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Plasma Cvd ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Free Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe modification of surface reactions with an inert gas plasma treatment method has been investigated for the first time in order to improve the properties of a-Si:H for solar cells. The deposition of a thin a-Si:H layer and exposure to inert gas plasma such as He, Ar or Xe were repeated by using RF plasma CVD at a substrate temperature of 200 °C. It has been found that the hydrogen content (CH) can be controlled in a wide range from about 18 atomic% to about 35 atomic%, although it is a hydrogen-free process. Experimental results show that the change in CH of a-Si:H films is mainly determined by the decrease in CH of the treated a-Si:H surface and the increase in CH of the a-Si:H deposited on the treated surface. Furthermore, the plasma treatment probably promotes the surface reaction, which reduces SiH2ISiH and CH. Consequently, wide-gap (1.64 eV by ( a h ν )1/3 versus h ν plots, 1.75 - 1.85 eV by Tauc's plot) a-Si:H films with high stabilized photoconductivity (> 10-5 Ω-1cm-1 under AM-1, 100 mW/cm2 irradiation) have been obtained by the inert gas plasma treatment method.

Development of Stable a-Si Solar Cells with Wide-Gap a-Si:H i-layers Deposited by an Inert Gas Plasma Treatment Method

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (Part 1, No. 3A) ◽  
pp. 771-775
Author(s):  
Eiji Maruyama ◽  
Yoshihiro Hishikawa ◽  
Makoto Tanaka ◽  
Seiichi Kiyama ◽  
Shinya Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Si Solar Cells ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Wide Gap

Improvement in a-Si:H Properties by Inert Gas Plasma Treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (Part 1, No. 1A) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Maruyama ◽  
Yoshihiro Hishikawa ◽  
Makoto Tanaka ◽  
Seiichi Kiyama ◽  
Shinya Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Gas Plasma

scholarly journals Atmospheric Pressure Helium Plasma Treatment on 3C-SiC/Si Surface

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 118-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.F. Mohd Nasir ◽  
Siti Khadijah Zaaba ◽  
Norsaidah Md Zuki ◽  
M.N.F.M. Kazim ◽  
Mazlee Mazalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Helium Plasma ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Polished Side ◽  
Morphology Of Surface ◽  
Surface Changes

In this paper, the effect of inert gas plasma to the morphology of 0.29μm thick 3C-SiC/Si is studied. Helium was used for the plasma treatment and its effect as the etchant gas to the polished side of 3C-SiC/Si surface was determined. The changes of the surface morphology were monitored using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). From the results obtained, it has shown that the morphology of surface properties of 3C-SiC was modified by differences in helium plasma time of exposure and the degree of roughness of the surface changes. The results show by the SEM and AFM shown that plasma treatment had been successfully implemented for the 0.29μm thick 3C-SiC/Si.

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

Non-Toxic Environment for Ferritic Nitrocarburising Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2416-2419
Author(s):  
Mihai Branzei ◽  
Mihai Ovidiu Cojocaru ◽  
Leontin Nicolae Druga ◽  
Florica Tudose ◽  
Roxana Trusca
Keyword(s):  
Surface Reaction ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Toxic Reaction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Toxic Environment ◽  
Thermochemical Processing ◽  
Surface Saturation ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
Toxic Components

Experimental research aimed to find a solution for replacing components with high toxicity (or generating such components as a result of reactions occurring in the environment at processing temperatures) from the environments used for ferritic nitrocarburising process (FNCP) with non-hazardous components, but extremely active during the process. In the temperature range in which this type of processing is applied (lower than the eutectoid transformation temperature in the Fe-N phase diagram), the most commonly used media are liquid or gaseous; liquid ones contain toxic components (sodium or potassium cyanates/cyanides), and gaseous ones require complex equipments. Packing is extremely rarely used, but in this case pack-mix contain toxic components (15 � 20 wt.% sodium or potassium ferrocyanide). Urea also called carbamide (CO (NH2)2) is the active component in the pack-mixing proposed to be used for FNCP. Carbamide is used in low temperature cyanidation thermochemical heat treatment (liquid FNC), together with sodium or potassium carbonates, resulting in very toxic reaction products (sodium or potassium cyanates). Compared to cyanidation, in the version proposed in the paper, the carbamide does not react with carbonates because they are not found in the composition of the environment but decomposes in the presence or absence of oxygen (by a disproportionation reaction) with the formation of some gas molecules interesting for the process. It has been concluded that the use of carbamide together with two other components, activated charcoal (having a triple role - dispersing, storage, surface saturation) and respectively ammonium chloride as surface reaction activator, is an effective solution for achieving the desired goals by applying this type of thermochemical processing to a wide range of products made of quality steels up to alloy miscellaneous steels.

Innovation in Byzantine Medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Bouras-Vallianatos
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Medieval Medicine ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
First Time

Byzantine medicine is still a little-known and misrepresented field not only in the wider arena of debates on medieval medicine but also among Byzantinists. Byzantine medical literature is often viewed as ‘stagnant’ and mainly preserving ancient ideas; and our knowledge of it continues to be based to a great extent on the comments of earlier authorities, which are often repeated uncritically. This book presents the first comprehensive examination of the medical corpus of, arguably, the most important late Byzantine physician John Zacharias Aktouarios (c.1275–c.1330). The main thesis is that John’s medical works show an astonishing degree of openness to knowledge from outside Byzantium combined with a significant degree of originality, in particular, in the fields of uroscopy, pharmacology, and human physiology. The analysis of John’s edited (On Urines and On Psychic Pneuma) and unedited (Medical Epitome) works is supported for the first time by the consultation of a large number of manuscripts. The study is also informed by evidence from a wide range of medical sources, including previously unpublished ones, and texts from other genres, such as epistolography and merchants’ accounts. The contextualization of John’s works sheds new light on the development of Byzantine medical thought and practice, and enhances our understanding of the late Byzantine social and intellectual landscape. Finally, John’s medical observations are also examined in the light of examples from the medieval Latin and Islamic worlds, placing his medical theories in the wider Mediterranean milieu and highlighting the cultural exchange between Byzantium and its neighbours.

Rebels, Believers, Survivors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Powers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Modern Myth

This book of essays covers a wide range of topics in the history of Albania and Kosovo. Many of the essays illuminate connections between the Albanian lands and external powers and interests, whether political, military, diplomatic or religious. Such topics include the Habsburg invasion of Kosovo in 1689, the manoeuvrings of Britain and France towards the Albanian lands during the Napoleonic Wars, the British interest in those lands in the late nineteenth century, and the Balkan War of 1912. On the religious side, essays examine ‘crypto-Christianity’ in Kosovo during the Ottoman period, the stories of conversion to Islam revealed by Inquisition records, the first theological treatise written in Albanian (1685), and the work of the ‘Apostolic Delegate’ who reformed the Catholic Church in early twentieth-century Albania. Some essays bring to life ordinary individuals hitherto unknown to history: women hauled before the Inquisition, for example, or the author of the first Albanian autobiography. The longest essay, on Ali Pasha, tells for the first time the full story of the role he played in the international politics of the Napoleonic Wars. Some of these studies have been printed before (several in hard-to-find publications, and one only in Albanian), but the greater part of this book appears here for the first time. This is not only a contribution to Albanian and Balkan history it also engages with many broader issues, including religious conversion, methods of enslavement within the Ottoman Empire, and the nature of modern myth-making about national identity.

Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
First Time ◽  
Site Types

The recycling and reuse of materials and objects were extensive in the past, but have rarely been embedded into models of the economy; even more rarely has any attempt been made to assess the scale of these practices. Recent developments, including the use of large datasets, computational modelling, and high-resolution analytical chemistry, are increasingly offering the means to reconstruct recycling and reuse, and even to approach the thorny matter of quantification. Growing scholarly interest in the topic has also led to an increasing recognition of these practices from those employing more traditional methodological approaches, which are sometimes coupled with innovative archaeological theory. Thanks to these efforts, it has been possible for the first time in this volume to draw together archaeological case studies on the recycling and reuse of a wide range of materials, from papyri and textiles, to amphorae, metals and glass, building materials and statuary. Recycling and reuse occur at a range of site types, and often in contexts which cross-cut material categories, or move from one object category to another. The volume focuses principally on the Roman Imperial and late antique world, over a broad geographical span ranging from Britain to North Africa and the East Mediterranean. Last, but not least, the volume is unique in focusing upon these activities as a part of the status quo, and not just as a response to crisis.

scholarly journals A Virtual Telescope for the Open University Science Foundation Course

1998 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Norton ◽  
Mark H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Open University ◽  
Distance Teaching ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
University Science ◽  
First Time ◽  
Degree Level ◽  
Selection Of

The Open University is the UK's foremost distance teaching university. For over twenty five years we have been presenting courses to students spanning a wide range of degree level and vocational subjects. Since we have no pre-requisites for entry, a major component of our course profile is a selection of foundation courses comprising one each in the Arts, Social Science, Mathematics, Technology and Science faculties. The Science Faculty's foundation course is currently undergoing a substantial revision. The new course, entitled “S103: Discovering Science”, will be presented to students for the first time in 1998.

scholarly journals Non-Thermal Plasma-Modified Ru-Sn-Ti Catalyst for Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound Degradation

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Yujie Fu ◽  
You Zhang ◽  
Qi Xin ◽  
Zhong Zheng ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Surface Oxidation ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Doped Titania

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are vital environmental concerns due to their low biodegradability and long-term persistence. Catalytic combustion technology is one of the more commonly used technologies for the treatment of CVOCs. Catalysts with high low-temperature activity, superior selectivity of non-toxic products, and resistance to chlorine poisoning are desirable. Here we adopted a plasma treatment method to synthesize a tin-doped titania loaded with ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) catalyst, possessing enhanced activity (T90%, the temperature at which 90% of dichloromethane (DCM) is decomposed, is 262 °C) compared to the catalyst prepared by the conventional calcination method. As revealed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, the high surface area of the tin-doped titania catalyst and the enhanced dispersion and surface oxidation of RuO2 induced by plasma treatment were found to be the main factors determining excellent catalytic activities.

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