Dual Intercalating Molten Electrolyte Batteries

1995 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Carlin ◽  
H. C. De Long ◽  
J. Fuller ◽  
W. J. Lauderdale ◽  
T. Naughton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Discharge Voltage ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Layer Spacing ◽  
Cycling Efficiency ◽  
Molten Electrolyte ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Graphite Lattice ◽  
Graphite Rods ◽  
Chloroaluminate Melt

ABSTRACTDual Intercalating Molten Electrolyte (DIME) electrodes and cells have been examined using a number of low-melting and room-temperature molten salts. A cell with a chloroaluminate melt achieved a cycling efficiency of 85% with a discharge voltage of 2.92 V. Coke-elastomer composite electrodes underwent cation reductive intercalation without experiencing the exfoliation and degradation seen for graphite rods. Theoretical studies for an imidazolium-graphite intercalate predict the graphite layer spacing expands between 5.18 and 8.01 Å upon insertion of the imidazolium molecule into the graphite lattice.

scholarly journals An operando X-ray diffraction study of chloroaluminate anion-graphite intercalation in aluminum batteries

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (22) ◽  
pp. 5670-5675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Jern Pan ◽  
Chunze Yuan ◽  
Guanzhou Zhu ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Chen-Jui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Negative Electrode ◽  
Discharge Voltage ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Battery Discharge

We investigated rechargeable aluminum (Al) batteries composed of an Al negative electrode, a graphite positive electrode, and an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte at temperatures down to −40 °C. The reversible battery discharge capacity at low temperatures could be superior to that at room temperature. In situ/operando electrochemical and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments combined with theoretical modeling revealed stable AlCl4−/graphite intercalation up to stage 3 at low temperatures, whereas intercalation was reversible up to stage 4 at room temperature (RT). The higher-degree anion/graphite intercalation at low temperatures affords rechargeable Al battery with higher discharge voltage (up to 2.5 V, a record for Al battery) and energy density. A remarkable cycle life of >20,000 cycles at a rate of 6C (10 minutes charge time) was achievable for Al battery operating at low temperatures, corresponding to a >50-year battery life if charged/discharged once daily.

scholarly journals Determination of Total Interleukin-8 in Whole Blood after Cell Lysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1387-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Reinsberg ◽  
Jörg Dembinski ◽  
Christoph Dorn ◽  
Daniela Behrendt ◽  
Peter Bartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Cell Lysis ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
A Cell

Abstract Background: It has been shown that a high percentage of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in blood is cell associated. Recently, a simple method for determination of cell-associated IL-8 in whole blood after cell lysis has been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this method, to examine the influence of preanalytic sample handling, and to establish the concentration range of total IL-8 and its relation to age and sex in healthy subjects. Methods: Total IL-8 content of whole blood was determined after lysing blood cells with Milenia® cell lysis solution. IL-8 in the resulting blood lysate was measured with the IMMULITE® IL-8 immunoassay. Results: When freshly drawn blood was stored up to 48 h on ice, no significant changes in total IL-8 were measured in the subsequently prepared lysate, whereas with storage at room temperature, total IL-8 increased after 3 h from 94 ± 13 ng/L to 114 ± 16 ng/L (n = 10). In lysate stored for 48 h at 4 °C, marginal changes of the IL-8 concentration were noted, with storage at room temperature, only 76% ± 5% (n = 12) of initial concentration was recovered. From lysate frozen at −20 and −80 °C, respectively, 84% ± 4% and 93% ± 2% of initial IL-8 was recovered after 70 days (n = 10). IL-8 was measured with comparable precision in plasma (CV, 3.2–4.2%) and blood lysate (CV, 3.7–4.1%). When plasma was diluted with cell lysis solution, a slightly overestimated recovery (125% ± 3%) was observed; for lysate specimens with a cell lysis solution content ≥75%, the recovery after dilution was 98% ± 2%. In lysate prepared from 12 blood samples with exogenous IL-8 added, IL-8 recovery was 104% ± 2% (recovery from plasma <35%). The median total IL-8 in blood lysates from 103 healthy subjects (22–61 years) was 83 ng/L of blood (2.5–97.5 percentile range, 49–202 ng/L of blood). In females but not in males, total IL-8 increased significantly with advancing age (P <0.002). We found grossly increased total IL-8 in six pregnant women with amniotic infection syndrome. Conclusions: The evaluated method allows the assessment of total IL-8 in blood with good performance when appropriate conditions of sample pretreatment are considered. The values in healthy volunteers all were above the detection limit of the IL-8 assay; therefore, slight changes of total IL-8 could be noted. Thus, the present method is a suitable tool to study the diagnostic relevance of total IL-8 in blood.

scholarly journals Closed system for bovine oocyte vitrification

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Ševelová ◽  
Miloslava Lopatářová
Keyword(s):  
Closed System ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Bovine Oocyte ◽  
Cleavage Stage ◽  
Oocyte Vitrification ◽  
System A ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Extensive Damage

The aim of our study was to develop a vitrification carrier for bovine oocyte cryopreservation. The carrier was to be cheap enough, elementary in its construction and meet contemporary requirements for a safe closed system. In a closed system, a cell is prevented from direct exposure to liquid nitrogen, thus minimizing the risk of cross-contamination. Furthermore, two questions regarding the proper vitrification technique were resolved: if it is necessary to partially denude the oocytes before the vitrification process or whether intact cumulus oocyte complexes should be frozen; and if it is more advantageous to preheat the vitrification solutions to female body temperature (39 °C) or to keep them at room temperature. Our results show that it is better to partially denude the oocytes prior to vitrification because cryopreserved intact cumulus oocyte complexes often proved dark, non-homogeneous or fragmented cytoplasm after warming, with many of them having visibly widened perivitelline spaces or fractured zonae pellucidae as a result of extensive damage during vitrification. Consequently, intact cumulus oocyte complexes showed significantly lower numbers of cleavage stage embryos on Day 3 compared to partially denuded oocytes (7.4% and 26%, respectively). On the other hand, the survival rate and following development of fertilized oocytes in preheated vitrification solution were equal to results reached at room temperature conditions. In conclusion, results achieved with the newly developed carrier were comparable to previously published studies and therefore they could be recommended for common use.

High Temperature Implantation in Graphite

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Braunstein ◽  
B.S. Elman ◽  
M.S. Dresselhaus ◽  
G. Dresselhaus ◽  
T. Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Graphite Lattice ◽  
Partial Annealing

ABSTRACTIn previous studies it was found that when highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is implanted at room temperature, the damage caused by the implantation could be completely annealed by heating the sample to temperatures higher than ∼ 2500°C. However at these high temperatures, the implanted species was found to diffuse out of the sample, as evidenced by the disappearance of the impurity peak in the Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectrum. If, on the other hand, the HOPG crystal was held at a high temperature (≥ 600°C) during the implantation, partial annealing could be observed. The present work further shows that it is possible to anneal the radiation damage and simultaneously to retain the implants in the graphite lattice by means of high temperature implantation (Ti ≥ 450°C) followed by annealing at 2300°C.

Optimization of IGZO/Cu/IGZO Multilayers as Transparent Composite Electrode on Flexible Substrate by Room-temperature Sputtering and Post-Deposition Anneals

2013 ◽  
Vol 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aritra Dhar ◽  
T. L. Alford
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Sheet Resistance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Optical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Transparent Composite

ABSTRACTHighly transparent composite electrodes made of multilayers of In- and Ga-doped ZnO and Cu (IGZO/Cu/IGZO) thin films (30/3-9/30 nm thick) are deposited onto flexible substrates at room temperature and by using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of Cu thickness on the electrical and optical properties of the multilayer stack has been studied in accordance with the Cu morphology. The optical and electrical properties of the multilayers are studied with the UV–Vis spectrophotometry, Hall measurement and four point probe analyses. Results are compared with those from a single IGZO layered thin film. The average optical transmittance and sheet resistance both decreases with increase of copper thickness and has been optimized at 6 nm Cu middle layer thickness. The Haacke figure of merit (FOM) has been calculated to evaluate the performance of the films. The highest FOM achieved is 6 x 10-3 Ω-1 for a Cu thickness of 6 nm with a sheet resistance of 12.2 Ω/sq and an average transmittance of 86%. The multilayered thin films are annealed upto 150 °C in vacuum, forming gas and O2 environments and the optical and electrical properties are studied and compared against the as-deposited samples. Thus IGZO/Cu/IGZO multilayer is a promising flexible electrode material for the next-generation flexible optoelectronics.

scholarly journals Calcium Ion Chelation Preserves Platelet Function During Cold Storage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binggang Xiang ◽  
Guoying Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Congqing Wu ◽  
Smita Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Platelet Transfusion ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Integrin Activation ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Rapid Clearance

Objective: Platelet transfusion is a life-saving therapy to prevent or treat bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction. However, for >6 decades, safe and effective strategies for platelet storage have been an impediment to widespread use of platelet transfusion. Refrigerated platelets are cleared rapidly from circulation, precluding cold storage of platelets for transfusion. Consequently, platelets are stored at room temperature with an upper limit of 5 days due to risks of bacterial contamination and loss of platelet function. This practice severely limits platelet availability for transfusion. This study is to identify the mechanism of platelet clearance after cold storage and develop a method for platelet cold storage. Approach and Results: We found that rapid clearance of cold-stored platelets was largely due to integrin activation and apoptosis. Deficiency of integrin β3 or caspase-3 prolonged cold-stored platelets in circulation. Pretreatment of platelets with EGTA, a cell impermeable calcium ion chelator, reversely inhibited cold storage-induced platelet activation and consequently prolonged circulation of cold-stored platelets. Moreover, transfusion of EGTA-treated, cold-stored platelets, but not room temperature-stored platelets, into the mice deficient in glycoprotein Ibα significantly shortened tail-bleeding times and diminished blood loss. Conclusions: Integrin activation and apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of rapid clearance of platelets after cold storage. Addition of a cell impermeable calcium ion chelator to platelet products is potentially a simple and effective method to enable cold storage of platelets for transfusion.

An advanced and highly efficient Ce assisted NiFe-LDH electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsharaj S. Jadhav ◽  
Animesh Roy ◽  
Bezawit Z. Desalegan ◽  
Jeong Gil Seo
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Overall Water Splitting ◽  
A Cell ◽  
A Current

A room-temperature synthesized NiFeCe2 electrocatalyst delivered a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.59 V when used as the electrolyzer.

Discharge voltage profile changes via physicochemical phenomena in cycled all-solid-state cells based on Li10GeP2S12 and LiNbO3-coated LiCoO2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueying Sun ◽  
Yuto Yamada ◽  
Satoshi Hori ◽  
Yuxiang Li ◽  
Kota Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Discharge Voltage ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Voltage Profile ◽  
Profile Changes ◽  
Li Ion

In the field of all-solid-state Li-ion batteries, understanding and controlling contact loss and interfacial reactions in composite electrodes over long-term cycling remains challenging. This study investigated how various physicochemical phenomena...

Difficulty in Recovering Inoculated Campylobacter jejuni from Dry Poultry-Associated Samples

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. COX ◽  
M. E. BERRANG ◽  
N. J. STERN ◽  
M. T. MUSGROVE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Enrichment Broth ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
A Cell

We inoculated 5 cm2 of clean chick pads, 5 g of clean pine shavings, and fresh unsanitized broiler breeder eggshell halves with a cell suspension of Campylobacter jejuni in physiological saline. Inoculation levels were 102, 103, or 104 cells per sample. The samples were allowed to remain at room temperature for 15, 30, or 60 min before addition of enrichment broth. When chick pad samples were inoculated with 102 cells, by 15 min 40% of the samples had detectable levels of Campylobacter, and by 30 to 60 min Campylobacter could be detected in only 20% of the samples. With samples of pine shavings, only 25% of those inoculated with 103 cells were positive for Campylobacter after 15 min and only 5% were positive for Campylobacter after 30 min. When 104 cells were inoculated onto litter, Campylobacter was recovered from 20% of the samples at 15 min and 15% of the samples after 30 min. Eggshells were also found to be a harsh environment. When the inoculum was 102 at 15 min, 8 of 10 samples were positive for Campylobacter but at 60 min only 10% of the samples remained positive for Campylobacter. The current cultural methods may not be adequate for recovering low numbers of Campylobacter from dry samples. Campylobacter may be present but culturally undetectable in the commercial hatchery and hatchery environment.

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