Space Charge Layers at the Porous Silicon Surface

1995 ◽  
Vol 378 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Z. Weisz ◽  
J. Avalos ◽  
M. Gomez ◽  
A. Many ◽  
Y. Goldstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface State ◽  
Luminescence Intensity ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
State Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Surface State Density ◽  
Anodization Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common

AbstractPulse measurements on the porous-Si/electrolyte system are employed to determine the surface effective area and the surface-state density at various stages of the anodization process used to produce the porous material. Such measurements were combined with studies of the luminescence spectra and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Both the effective area and the luminescence intensity are found to increase with anodization time, reaching maximum values for the same anodization time (1–2 minutes). In most cases, they decrease monotonically with further anodization. The surface state density, on the other hand, decreases with anodization time from the initial value of ∼1012 cm−2 for the virgin surface, down to ∼1011 cm−2 at the common anodization time for which both the effective area and the luminescence intensity are peaked. The surface-state density increases upon further anodization, reaching a value of at least 1013 cm−2 after ∼10 minutes of anodization. Apart from its intensity, the luminescence spectrum is essentially independent of anodization time. The common peak of the spectra is at about 700 nm. The STM measurements reveal a pronounced surface roughness. Preliminary results indicate that for 1 - 2 minute anodization (maximum effective area), the roughness scale is of the order of 1 -2 nm. After 10-minutes anodization, on the other hand, the roughness microstructure becomes finer (roughness scale of only 0.5 - 0.7 nm). These findings indicate that the various characteristics studied are closely interrelated. Such information may help in understanding the luminescence mechanism, but further work is required in order to interpret more fully the results presented.

Luminescence and Surface-State Characteristics in P-Type Porous Silicon

1996 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ramirez Porras ◽  
O. Resto ◽  
S. Z. Weisz ◽  
Y. Goldstein ◽  
A. Many ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface State ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
State Density ◽  
Porous Si ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Surface State Density ◽  
Anodization Time ◽  
Anodization Process ◽  
The One ◽  
P Type

AbstractPulse measurements on the porous-Si/electrolyte system are employed to determine the surface effective area and the surface-state density at various stages of the anodization process used to produce the porous material. Such measurements were combined with studies of the photoluminescence spectra. These spectra were found to shift progressively to the blue as a function of anodization time. The luminescence intensity increases initially with anodization time, reaches a maximum and then decreases with further anodization. The surface state density, on the other hand, increases with anodization time from an initial value of ∼2×1012 cm−2 for the virgin surface to ∼1013 cm−2 for the anodized surface. This value is attained already after ∼2 min anodization and upon further anodization remains fairly constant. In parallel, the effective surface area increases by a factor of 10–30. This behavior is markedly different from the one observed previously for n-type porous Si.

The Rubicon of Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lecourt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Racial Identities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Max Müller ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
The One ◽  
Religious Differences

This chapter considers a series of formative debates in British anthropology from the 1840s through the 1860s and uses them to map out the two dominant constructions of religion whose politics the subsequent authors in this study would reinvent. It describes, on the one hand, a liberal and evangelical construction of religion as the common human capacity for spiritual cultivation, and on the other hand a conservative, reactionary model that interpreted religious differences as the expressions of fixed racial identities that neither civilization nor Christianization could erase. In the work of the Oxford philologist F. Max Müller we see how the former model tended to associate religion above all with language. But we can also see the subtle forms of determinism that it contained—an ambiguity that Arnold, Pater, Eliot, and Lang would explore by picturing racialized religion as a resource for liberal self-cultivation.

Common Lawà l'americaine

1966 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Apelbom
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Common ◽  
English Law ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
Clear Line

Eighteen years after attaining independence Israel remains essentially a common law country. Introduced by the British Mandatory administration to supplement the Ottoman legislation in force at the time of the British occupation of Palestine, the common law has been retained by the Israeli legislator, so far as not modified or replaced by local legislation. But this common law, far from being residual only, also embraces a considerable body of interstitial law developed by two generations of judges, British, Palestinian and Israeli, in the process of applying and interpreting statute law—whether Ottoman, Mandatory or Israeli—according to common law methods. On the other hand the importation of common law institutions was neither wholesale nor systematic and in a number of fields no clear line of demarcation can be drawn between domestic and English law.

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Capital on Stocks Performance in Emerging Markets: Evidence From Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Walid Abouzeid ◽  
Sharihan Mohamed Aly
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Stock ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Results

This study attempts to investigate the impact of human capital on the common stock's return. The population of the study is Egyptian companies listed at the Egyptian exchange (EGX) due to 2014-2018. The statistical results indicate that there is a general tendency to change common stock's hold return to the corporation's human capital, and it is significant at 0.01 levels. In other terms, it can be stated that the corporation's human capital has a significant impact on common stock's hold return in the Egyptian corporation, and according to Adjusted R-squared the corporation's human capital explain a 57.8% from the change common stock's hold return.so; led to the impact of human capital on creating value of common stock. This can be traced back to investing in "the development and researches" on the other hand besides training, therefore medicine and technology companies get affected through these fields of development researches areas; however companies in industrial and banking sector get impacted by training field.

scholarly journals Rethinking Hijab in Contemporary Indonesia: A Study of Hijab Community “Tuneeca Lover Community”

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Wardah Nuroniyah
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The One ◽  
Common Perception

Hijab (veil) for female Muslims has been subject to a debate regarding its meanings. On the one hand, it represents the virtue of religious obedience and piety. Still, on the other hand, it is associated with the form of women oppressions in the public domain. At this point, the hijab has been an arena of contesting interpretations. Meanwhile, contemporary Indonesia is witnessing the increase in the use of veil among urban female Muslims that leads to the birth of various hijab wearer communities. One of them is Tuneeca Lover Community (TLC). This community has become a new sphere where female Muslims articulate their ideas about Islam through various activities such as religious gathering, hijab tutorial class, fashion show, and charity activities. This study seeks to answer several questions: Why do these women decide to wear a hijab? Why do they join the TLC? How do they perceive the veil? Is it related to religious doctrines or other factors such as lifestyle? This research employs a qualitative method using documentation and interview to gather the data among 150 members of the TLC.  This research shows that their understanding of the hijab results from the common perception that places the veil as a religious obligation. Nevertheless, each of the members has one's orientation over the hijab. This paper also suggests that they try to transform this understanding into modern settings. As a consequence, they are not only committed to the traditionally spiritual meaning of the hijab but are also nuanced with modern ideas such as lifestyle and particular social class. Their participation in the TLC enables them to reach both goals simultaneously.

Ruskin's Reputation in the Eighteen-Fifties : The Evidence of the Three Principal Weeklies

PMLA ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 678-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Jump
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
William Morris ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pre Raphaelites ◽  
The Times ◽  
Eighteen Fifties

Mr. R. H. Wilenski protests against the common belief that Ruskin was a kind of Art-Dictator of England in the eighteen-fifties. Ruskin, he says, was not a best-selling author during that decade; nor, on the other hand, was he respected by established artists and architects. So slight was his repute, indeed, that his letters to the Times in May 1851 can have done little to influence either the general or the specialist public in favor of pre-Raphaelitism. This drastic revision of accepted notions has had surprisingly little effect. In Mr. Paul Bloomfield's William Morris, Ruskin appears once more as the critic who gave “status” to the Pre-Raphaelites; and Mr. William Gaunt declares that on May 13, 1851, “an eagle scream was heard, a mighty talon hovered over the correspondence columns of The Times. It was Ruskin to the rescue. The Pre-Raphaelites had found a champion.” Neither of these writers mentions Wilenski's dissent.

Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanotubes by Anodization of Zr Foil

2015 ◽  
Vol 799-800 ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Mary Donnabelle L. Balela ◽  
April Alexa S. Lagarde ◽  
Stephen Jann A. Tamayo ◽  
Nikko S. Villareal ◽  
Ann Marielle Parreno
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Anodization Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Scanning Electron

Zirconia (ZrO2) nanotubes were synthesized by anodization of zirconium (Zr) foil in NH4Fand (NH4)2SO4 aqueous solution. Different surface preparation methods (electropolishing and etching) were applied on the Zr foil prior to anodizaton. In addition, the anodization time and NH4F concentration were varied. The structure and morphologies of the nanotubes and their crystallinity were confirmed using scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffractometer, respectively. ZrO2 nanotubes with large diameters and thick walls were formed at lower NH4F concentration and longer anodization time. On the other hand, smaller nanotubes with thinner walls were produced when the NH4F concentration was increased. The synthesized nanotubes were predominantly tetragonal ZrO2 with small amounts of monoclinic ZrO2.

Entrepreneurship vs. Bioentrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Sneha Upreti
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Great Idea ◽  
New Business ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

The word bioentrepreneurship and entrepreneurship share the similarity in the fact that they must have a great and an innovative idea behind starting a business setup and to raise an investment. Also, they both must have a great idea about marketing of the related products and managing their start-up. If we talk about the difference, the common difference is the sector or field in which a startup is carrying on. In simple words, entrepreneurship is the process of launching any new business based on an innovative idea. On the other hand, bioentrepreneurship is the process that is started in the field of science (i.e., biotechnology). Nowadays, bio-industrialization is the key to being a modern and developed country, and this is the only reason bioentrepreneurs are highly in demand. Thus, this chapter will help you to understand the pillars to setup a startup based on biotechnology that has an excellent future perspective not only for entrepreneurs but also for the nation.

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