Microstructural Mechanism of Electromigration Failure In Narrow Interconnects

1993 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choongun Kim ◽  
S. I. Selister ◽  
J. W. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Stable Distribution ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Microstructural Studies ◽  
Microstructural Mechanism

AbstractMicrostructural studies of electromigration failure were performed on A1-2Cu-1Si interconnects with 1.3 μm width. The lines were tested to failure under controlled conditions after pre-aging for various times at three different temperatures. Examination of the microstructure of the failure sites suggests that the lines fail at the bamboo grains that terminate the longest polygranular segments in the line. Transgranular slit voids form after Cu has been swept from the grain that fails. Hence, pre-aging lines to create a more stable distribution of Cu lengthens the time required to sweep Cu and significantly increases the time to failure. The optimal microstructure has a maximum intragranular density of stable θ precipitates. In this case transgranular slit failure is suppressed, and the bamboo grain fails by diffuse thinning to rupture.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS OF FREEZING AND DRYING BY VACUUM SUBLIMATION

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Greiff ◽  
Henry Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Virus Suspension ◽  
Vacuum Sublimation ◽  
End Point ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required

A vacuum sublimation apparatus is described which will permit, (a) the removal of water from virus suspensions at temperatures ranging down to –80°C., (b) continuous operation with a minimum of attention from the investigator, (c) sealing off of samples at operating pressures (10–5 mm. Hg), (d) simultaneous lyophilization of aliquot samples at different temperatures, (e) isolation of a portion of the apparatus without disturbing the remainder of the system, and (f) determination of the end-point of sublimation without disturbing the samples. The time required for drying 0.1 ml. of influenza virus suspension was shown to increase markedly with decrease of temperature, 8 days being required for dehydration at –80°C. in contrast to 2 days at –30°C. and 1 day at 0°C.

Conductivity, Electrodeposition and Magnetic Property of Cobalt(II) and Dysprosium Chloride in Zinc Chloride-1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride Room Temperature Molten Salt

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Yi Hsu ◽  
Chao-Chen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Deposition Potential ◽  
Nucleation Density ◽  
Alloy Electrodeposition ◽  
Viscosity Increase ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Computerized System ◽  
Zn Alloy

Abstract Electric conductivity of the molten zinc chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride phases has been measured by a computerized system using the d.c. four-probes method. The sequence of the conductivities for the different component melts is ZnCl2-EMIC > ZnCl2-EMIC-CoCl2 > ZnCl2- EMIC-DyCl3 > ZnCl2-EMIC-CoCl2-DyCl3. The results may be explained in terms of the viscosity increase due to the complex formation. The electrochemistry and the nucleation mechanism of cobalt(II) or/and dysprosium chloride in acidic ZnCl2-EMIC melts have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at different temperatures, respectively. The results of the SEM and VSM analyses reveal that reduction of Dy3+ to Dy2+ may have occurred, while reduction of Dy3+ to Dy(0) is conjectured to play no role. Moreover, the results of chronoamperometry experiments show that nucleation in the alloy electrodeposition is instantaneous, and that, as the applied deposition potential becomes more negative, the nucleation density increases, which rapidly shortens the time required for the diffusion zones to overlap. Electrodeposition of a Dy-Co-Zn alloy on a Ni or Cu sheet from the 50-50 mol% ZnCl2-EMIC melt containing 1.687 mol% CoCl2 and 1.114 mol% DyCl3 has been accomplished, and the morphology and the composition have been analyzed by SEM and EDS, respectively. The magnetism of the deposited layer is discussed based on the results of the VSM analysis.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ADMIXTURES ON THE CRYSTALLISATION RATE OF GYPSUM A BATCH CRYSTALLISATION STUDY

REAKTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
S. Muryanto ◽  
H. M. Ang
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Crystallization Rate ◽  
Supersaturated Solution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Crystallisation Rate ◽  
Zinc Concentrate ◽  
Concentrate Production

This paper descripbes a study on the effects of admixtures on the crystallization rate of gypsum. Two different types of biodegradable admixtures commonly used as flotation agent in copper/zinc concentrate production, namely, sodium isopropyl xanthate (=SIPX) and isopropyl thionocarbamate were investigated in this study. A laboratory batch crystallizer was used in this study, and the experiments were run using seeded method. The rate of desupersaturation or the time required to reach the equilibrium concentration was  compared for varying admixture oncentrations. It was discovered that the added seed crystals started growing imediately upon addition into the supersaturated solution, i.e. there  was no induction time.Results of this batch crystallizationstudy suggest that addition of admixtures individually or in combination, significantly affects the crystallization kinetics and in particular, reduces the rate of crystallization of gypsum. Activation energies were determined using three different temperatures, and the values obtained  mostly agreed with other published values, i.e. 60.00 ± 3.00, 57.39 ± 2.87, and 37.65 ±1.88 kj/mol, for pure gypsum, isopropyl yhionocarbamate, and SIPX, respectively.Keywords : activation energy; admixtures; CaSO4.2H2O; crystallization, gypsum; reaction rate

Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on Poultry by Low-Temperature Treatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
TONG ZHAO ◽  
GABRIEL O. I. EZEIKE ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
YEN-CON HUNG ◽  
RHONDA S. HOWELL
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States, with epidemiologic studies identifying poultry as a leading vehicle in human infection. Studies were conducted to determine rates of C. jejuni inactivation on poultry exposed to different cooling and freezing temperatures. A mixture of three strains of C. jejuni originally isolated from poultry was inoculated onto chicken wings at ca. 107 CFU/g. The results of the study revealed that the storage of wings at −20 and −30°C for 72 h reduced the population of C. jejuni on wings by 1.3 and 1.8 log10 CFU/g, respectively. The results with regard to long-term freezing for 52 weeks revealed C. jejuni reductions of ca. 4 and 0.5 log10 CFU/g on wings held at −20 and −86°C, respectively. Protocols were developed to superchill wings in Whirl-Pak bags with liquid nitrogen at −80, −120, −160, and −196°C such that the internal portion of each wing quickly reached −3.3°C but did not freeze. The results with regard to the superchilling of wings at different temperatures for 20 to 330 s (the time required for the wings to reach an internal temperature of −3.3°C) revealed C. jejuni reductions of 0.5 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −80°C, 0.8 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −120°C, 0.6 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −160°C, and 2.4 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −196°C. The superchilling of wings to quickly cool meat to −3.3°C (internal temperature) can substantially reduce C. jejuni populations at −196°C when the wings are submerged in liquid nitrogen, but not at −80 to −160°C when the wings are treated with vapor-state liquid nitrogen. The results of this study indicate that freezing conditions, including temperature and holding time, greatly influence the rate of inactivation of C. jejuni on poultry. The conditions used in the poultry industry to superchill poultry to a nonfrozen-state internal temperature are not likely to substantially reduce Campylobacter populations on fresh products.

Kinetic Analysis on SiC Prepared by Carbothermic Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2745-2748
Author(s):  
Bin Hao ◽  
Jin Qiang Liu ◽  
Fu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required

Kinetic analysis of silicon carbide prepared by carbon-thermal reduction is introduced in this paper. Through the dynamic analysis, kinetic parameters of Si-C are calculated, and it is estimated that the time required reaction materials of different diameter completely converted to SiC at different temperatures. Reaction time is nearly 1 hour long when the reaction particle diameter is 1μm around 1900K.

Effect of temperature on embryonic development of Melanotaenia boesemani (Allen and Cross, 1982)

Zygote ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Costa Radael ◽  
Leonardo Demier Cardoso ◽  
Dalcio Ricardo de Andrade ◽  
André Veloso Ferreira ◽  
Douglas da Cruz Mattos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Faster Development

SummaryThe present study aimed to provide data on the time required for Melanotaenia boesemani to complete embryonic development, and to investigate the influence that incubation at different temperatures caused in this species. The effects of temperature on the time and hatching rate are presented, as well as information related to embryonic development stages. After fertilization, the eggs were kept in incubators at 23, 26, 29 or 32°C and observed at predetermined times until the moment of hatching. Stages of development were identified and classified according to morphological and physiological characteristics. Oil droplets were visualized inside the eggs as well as filament adhesion present at the chorion. Embryonic development was similar to that observed in other species of the genus Melanotaenia with hatching and faster development in higher temperatures.

Development rate, fecundity and lifespan of apterae of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), under controlled conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Aalbersberg ◽  
F. Du Toit ◽  
M. C. Van Der Westhuizen ◽  
P. H. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Diuraphis Noxia ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Time Required

AbstractThe rate of development, fecundity and lifespan of apterae of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) were determined at five sets of temperature and daylength conditions. The time required to complete pre-imaginal growth at mean daily temperatures of 10, 13, 14, 17·25 and 20°C was 19·70, 12·09, 11·25, 9·88 and 8·17 days, respectively. The threshold for development was estimated to be 0·54°C and the number of day-degrees C required to complete development was 158·73.

TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF WINTHEMIA FUMIFERANAE TOTH. (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A LARVAL–PUPAL PARASITOID OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hébert ◽  
Conrad Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

AbstractRelationships between temperature and development rates of eggs and larvae of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. were experimentally determined, using the spruce budworm as host. Hatching of parasitoid eggs was triggered by host pupation. The median time required to complete egg development at different temperatures was estimated from distributions of percentage development success of the parasitoid over time between egg deposition and host pupation. For parasitoid eggs that had sufficient time to hatch, detachment from the host before pupation was the most important cause of mortality at 15 °C or higher, but was negligible below this temperature. A curvilinear model describing egg development rate as a function of temperature was used to simulate the development of W. fumiferanae eggs in the field. The relationship between larval development rate and temperature also was modelled, and the variability described. Simulations initiated by host pupation-driven egg hatching, and terminated with prepupal drop to the ground, are presented and discussed with respect to the appropriateness of using host pupation as an indicator of parasitoid egg hatching in the field.

An Attempt at a Rational Classification of the Principal Accelerators of Vulcanization

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-361
Author(s):  
G. Martin ◽  
R. Thiollet
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rational Classification

Abstract AT the present time there are many accelerators on the market for the vulcanization of rubber, but it is often difficult to choose among them those best suited for a required purpose. Accelerators are often classed as slow medium, rapid and ultra rapid. These brief terms are entirely unsatisfactory for characterizing clearly the properties of these properties, and it frequently happens that two accelerators which have been placed together in one class behave in reality in very different ways and are not entirely replaceable one by the other. The object of this study is to establish a rational classification of the principal accelerators of vulcanization, which is based not only on their activity but also on their other important characteristics. The following points will be considered in their order: (1) The time required for the fixation of mixtures at different temperatures. (2) The time required to bring about vulcanization giving the maxima mechanical properties at different temperatures. (3) Aging. (4) These three points of view will be completed by a study of the plasticizing power and of the influence of different charges on the action of the accelerators.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document