Development of Advanced Silicon Nitride Valves for Combustion Engines and Some Practical Experience on the Road

1992 ◽  
Vol 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Hamminger ◽  
Juergen Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Exhaust Valves ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

ABSTRACTOne major goal of automotive engineers actually is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of present internal combustion engines. First promissing results have been achieved by the substitution of conventional by silicon nitride valves. The weight reduction of about 60 % per valve is corresponding with lower inertia and spring forces, which lead to improved emissions, reduced fuel consumptions as well as high performances of the engines. Applying statistical methods, two advanced silicon nitride materials have been developed, concerning their application as “cool” inlet valves and “hot” exhaust valves, respectively. Using high quality powders and combined optimum processing parameters, 4-point-bending strength of more than 1200 MPa (room temperature) and 870 MPa (1000 °C), resp., have been realized. Weibull moduli of more than 30 have been reproduced. Grinding of valves produced from these materials has economically been demonstrated by drastically reducing the machining times. Some results of road tests as well as of simulated engine tests from cooperations with different automotive companies are presented in detail.

scholarly journals Integration of kinematic and dynamic mathematical models of a two-axle electric car in the problem of estimating its stability on turns

ScienceRise ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Vadym Horeniuk
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Technological Product

Object of research: the process of movement of cars with internal combustion engines or the electric drive on a road curve. Investigation problem: assessment of the stability of cars with internal combustion engines or electric drive on a road curve and determination of conditions of its ensuring. The main scientific result. The article evaluated the stability of cars with internal combustion engines or electric drive on a road curve and determines the conditions of its ensuring using an algorithm that combines mathematical models of car movement on a road curve, synthesized based on balance equations of both kinematics and dynamics. The proposed models consider the change in speed of cars while driving on a road curve, and therefore belong to the class of differential equations. The analysis of these models allows calculating changes in time of values of limiting and critical speeds of movement of the car on a road curve. The article identifies the prospects of integration into this set of mathematical models another one, synthesized in the space of linguistic variables that characterize the uncertainty of the road surface and the degree of tire wear on different wheels of the car. The area of practical application of the research results: Automotive enterprises specializing in equipping cars with traffic control systems. Innovative technological product: A method of determining the limiting parameters of movement of the car on road curves, at which the car does not overturn while passing turns, and an algorithm for its implementation, which combines kinematic and dynamic mathematical models of car movement on the road curve. Scope of application of the innovative technological product: Equipping cars with additional control systems that assess the critical values of the traffic parameters on turns to ensure the conditions of non-overturning when the car passes these turns

Aerosol pollution from internal combustion engines

1968 ◽  
Vol 307 (1489) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Road ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
On The Road

Aerosols have one property that distinguishes them sharply from most other pollutants of the atmosphere. They are easily seen and recognized as pollutants. The first smoke abatement law in the United Kingdom was adopted by proclamation in 1306 during the reign of Edward I, and in 1307 a violator of the prohibition was condemned and executed (Rogers & Edelman 1962). Even from the early days of internal combustion engines the emission of smoke, ‘vapour’ and oily substances has been prohibited. The Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1966 presently govern emissions from motor vehicles in the United Kingdom. (These regulations are given authority by the Road Traffic Act 1930). For example, appropriate parts of the regulations stipulate, first in relation to construction, that every motor vehicle must be so constructed that it does not emit any avoidable ‘smoke or visible vapour’; and secondly in relation to use, that no vehicle may be used on the road if it emits any ‘smoke, visible vapours, grit, sparks, ashes, cinders or oily substances’ if the emission causes or is likely to cause ‘damage to any property or injury to any person’ actually on, or expected to be on, the road, or is likely to cause danger to any such person.

scholarly journals Camshaftless Technology on Internal Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
Van Viet Pham
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Valve ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Toothed Belt ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Exhaust Valves

Along with the development of internal combustion engines, camshafts have also been developed to optimize engine performance. In all types of internal combustion engines, the crankshaft is connected to the camshaft via a toothed belt, chain or pinion. When the crankshaft turns, the camshaft spins and opens and closes the intake and exhaust valve respectively. However, in this non-camshaft engine technology, each intake and exhaust valve will be integrated with an electronically controlled hydraulic pump unit. This system provides a unique ability to independently control intake and exhaust valves. For any engine load, load and discharge times can be programmed independently. The decision system is based on driving conditions, used to maximize performance or minimize fuel consumption and emissions. This allows a greater degree of control over the engine which in turn provides significant performance benefits. This article presents reviews of camshaftless technology developed by VALEO. It is a system that uses solenoid valves to open and close the valve. The solenoid valve will be mounted right on top of the valve inside the engine. The author can see that the technology using this electronic control valve will help reduce the fuel consumption of the engine.

Determination of mechanical losses in internal combustion engines

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
I.K. Aleksandrov ◽  
V.A. Rakov ◽  
N.E. Dyimov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions ◽  
Emissions Of Harmful Substances

A method for determining of mechanical losses in an internal combustion engine is proposed, the principal difference of which is the rotation of the engine shaft with compressed air. This method provides high reliability results on reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances. Keywords ICE, mechanical losses, tests, compressed air [email protected]

The first traffic accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early twentieth century (based on materials from the local press)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
On The Road

Research aim is to establish the history of the first road accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early twentieth century. Research methodology. The article discusses the road accidents involving cars as one of the aspects of the emergence and development of new vehicles and ways of communication "traffic" in Kharkov in the early twentieth century from the point of view of the concept of modernization of urban space. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the historiography the history ofthe road accidents involving cars in Kharkov in the early twentieth century was the subject of special research. The publications from the newspapers «Yuzhnyj Kraj» («South Land») and «Utro» («Morning») newspapers revealed a number of testimonies of the first car accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early 20th century. The typical causes, circumstances, course and consequences of such incidents are established. Conclusions. It was found that the first car accidents were caused primarily by the unusualness of the new vehicle for traditional road users in time pedestrians, carriages and, especially, horses, which frightened the unusual view and high speed of automatic crews, the roar of their previous engines, known as time of movement of smoke and smoke, loud exhausts, internal combustion engines and various horns and even «sirens». Factors such as the poor quality of driver training and / or the irresponsibility of individual drivers when driving on city streets also played an important role in some cases. The most known example of dangerous behavior on the road was the case of a nobleman O. L. Samoilov (owner and driver of the infamous newspaper «Red Car»), who regularly consciously ensures the safety of road users. This has led to frequent road accidents involving schoolchildren of varying severity from other road users  people, animals (horses, dogs) and vehicles. At the same place on carriages and features of pedestrians who are accustomed to traffic on city streets. For a long time, they did not report the changes caused by the appearance of dozens of cars on the streets of Kharkiv and neglected their own safety, behaving carelessly.

scholarly journals Observations from PEMS testing of combustion engines of different applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Road ◽  
Procedure Guidelines

The article compares data obtained in road tests with the latest legislative proposals relating to various applications of internal combustion engines. Passenger car emission tests have been performed several times on the same test route in accordance with the RDE procedure guidelines, for which a dozen or so criteria must be met, including the distance of each of the drive sections, their in the drive time and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. The analysis was also based on a two-dimensional operating density characterization, presented in the vehicle speed-acceleration coordinates. As a result, it was possible to compare dynamic properties, operating time density and, thus, to check the validity of conducted drive tests in terms of their feasibility and emission values. An exhaust emission related comparison of three types of powertrain have been presented: gasoline, diesel and hybrid in the RDE tests. The authors proposed a new form of presenting the road exhaust emissions results in relation to the carbon dioxide emission, referred to as a standardization of the emission results. The exhaust emissions from city buses fitted with different powertrains tested on an actual bus route and in the SORT test were also compared.

scholarly journals Conception of gear ratios selection between the engine and the electric machine in the hybrid drive systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Kazimierz ROMANISZYN
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Electric Machine ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

Modern vehicles with hybrid combustion-electric drive systems are an important element in the strategy for reducing fuel consumption and emissions of exhaust gas components. Determinant of the use and development is to achieve substantial benefits in terms of classical powertrain vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines. This paper presents the concept of kinematic ratio selection between the engine and the electric machine. This concept is based on the analysis of the internal combustion engine load caused by the resistances of motion and the best possible assessment of the additional load caused by the operation of the generator. It is proposed that the energy transferred to the generator was taken in a most preferred area of the engine performance characteristics and generator by changing kinematic ratio between the engine and the generator. The described concept can also be used for the recovery of vehicles braking energy.

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