Cross-Sectional TEM Sample Preparation for Multilayer Electronic Materials

1987 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Heng Chang ◽  
M. D. Coviello ◽  
A. F. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Etching Rate ◽  
Glue Line ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Median Incidence ◽  
Line Direction

ABSTRACTThe preparation of cross-sectional TEM samples from multilayer materials commonly encountered in electronic industry is difficult in general due to the large variation in chemical and physical etching rate. We have developed a technique consisting of a median incidence angle ion sputtering to perforation followed by a short time (<2 hours) low incidence angle sputtering with the glue line direction shielded from the ion beams. This technique takes advantage of the fast sputtering rate associated with the median incidence angle sputtering initially. The near normal (relative to the glue line direction) low angle sputtering in the second step smooths out any non-uniformity in thickness due to the strong dependence of sputtering rate on the sputtering angle. High quality TEM samples prepared from many different types of multilayer structures using this technique are demonstrated.

Hydrogen Ion Beam Processing of Single Crystal Diamond Chips

1994 ◽  
Vol 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Kiyohara ◽  
Iwao Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Etching Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Ion Beam Etching ◽  
Single Crystal Diamond ◽  
Before And After

AbstractIn order to apply ion beam etching with hydrogen ions to the ultra-precision processing of diamond tools, hydrogen ion beam etching characteristics of single crystal diamond chips with (100) face were investigated. The etching rate of diamond for 500 eV and 1000 eV hydrogen ions increases with the increase of the ion incidence angle, and eventually reaches a maximum at the ion incidence angle of approximately 50°, then may decrease with the increase of the ion incidence angle. The dependence of the etching rate on the ion incidence angle of hydrogen ions is fairly similar to that obtained with argon ions. Furthermore, the surface roughness of diamond chips before and after hydrogen ion beam etching was evaluated using an atomic force microscope. Consequently, the surface roughness after hydrogen ion beam etching decreases with the increase of the ion incidence angle within range of the ion incidence angle of 60°.

Soil moisture and vegetation effects on the ASCAT backscatter-incidence angle dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Pfeil ◽  
Wolfgang Wagner ◽  
Sebastian Hahn ◽  
Raphael Quast ◽  
Susan Steele-Dunne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Vegetation Effects ◽  
First Order ◽  
Vegetation Parameters ◽  
Low Incidence

&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Soil moisture (SM) datasets retrieved from the advanced&amp;#160;scatterometer&amp;#160;(ASCAT) sensor are well established and widely used for various hydro-meteorological, agricultural,&amp;#160;and&amp;#160;climate monitoring applications. Besides SM, ASCAT is sensitive to vegetation structure and vegetation water content, enabling the retrieval of vegetation optical depth (VOD;&amp;#160;1). The challenge in the retrieval of SM and vegetation products&amp;#160;from ASCAT observations&amp;#160;is to separate the two effects. As described by Wagner et al. (2), SM and vegetation affect the&amp;#160;relation between&amp;#160;backscatter&amp;#160;and incidence angle differently.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;At high incidence angles, the response from bare soil and thus the sensitivity to SM conditions is significantly weaker than at low incidence angles,&amp;#160;leading to decreasing backscatter with increasing incidence angle.&amp;#160;The presence of vegetation on the other hand&amp;#160;decreases the backscatter dependence on&amp;#160;the incidence angle. The dependence of backscatter on the incidence angle&amp;#160;can be&amp;#160;described by a second-order Taylor polynomial based on a slope and a curvature coefficient.&amp;#160;It was found empirically that SM conditions have no significant effect on the steepness of the slope, and that therefore,&amp;#160;SM and&amp;#160;vegetation effects can be&amp;#160;separated&amp;#160;using&amp;#160;the&amp;#160;slope&amp;#160;(2).&amp;#160;&amp;#160;This is a major assumption in the&amp;#160;TU&amp;#160;Wien&amp;#160;soil moisture retrieval algorithm used in several operational soil moisture products. However,&amp;#160;recent&amp;#160;findings by&amp;#160;Quast et al. (3)&amp;#160;using&amp;#160;a first-order radiative transfer model for the inversion of soil and vegetation parameters from&amp;#160;scatterometer&amp;#160;observations&amp;#160;indicate that SM may influence the slope, as the SM-induced backscatter increase is more pronounced at low incidence angles.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The aim of this analysis is to&amp;#160;revisit&amp;#160;the assumption that&amp;#160;SM&amp;#160;does not affect the&amp;#160;slope of the backscatter incidence angle relations by&amp;#160;investigating&amp;#160;if&amp;#160;short-term variability,&amp;#160;observed&amp;#160;in ASCAT slope&amp;#160;timeseries&amp;#160;on top of the seasonal vegetation cycle,&amp;#160;is caused by SM.&amp;#160;We therefore compare timeseries and anomalies of&amp;#160;the&amp;#160;ASCAT slope&amp;#160;to&amp;#160;air temperature,&amp;#160;rainfall&amp;#160;and SM&amp;#160;from the ERA5-Land dataset. We carry out the analysis in a&amp;#160;humid continental&amp;#160;climate (Austria) and a&amp;#160;Mediterranean&amp;#160;climate&amp;#160;study region (Portugal).&amp;#160;First results show&amp;#160;significant negative&amp;#160;correlations between slope and SM anomalies. However,&amp;#160;correlations between temperature and slope anomalies are&amp;#160;of a similar magnitude,&amp;#160;albeit&amp;#160;positive,&amp;#160;which may reflect temperature-induced vegetation dynamics. The fact that temperature and SM are&amp;#160;strongly correlated&amp;#160;with each&amp;#160;other&amp;#160;complicates the&amp;#160;interpretation of the results.&amp;#160;Thus, our second approach is to&amp;#160;investigate&amp;#160;daily slope values and their change between dry and wet days.&amp;#160;The results of this study shall&amp;#160;help to quantify&amp;#160;the&amp;#160;uncertainties&amp;#160;in ASCAT SM products caused by&amp;#160;the potentially&amp;#160;inadequate&amp;#160;assumption&amp;#160;of a SM-independent&amp;#160;slope.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;(1) Vreugdenhil, Mariette, et al. &quot;Analyzing the vegetation parameterization in the TU-Wien ASCAT soil moisture retrieval.&quot; IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54.6 (2016): 3513-3531.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;(2) Wagner, Wolfgang, et al. &quot;Monitoring soil moisture over the Canadian Prairies with the ERS scatterometer.&quot; IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 37.1 (1999): 206-216.&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;(3) Quast, Raphael, et al. &quot;A Generic First-Order Radiative Transfer Modelling Approach for the Inversion of Soil and Vegetation Parameters from Scatterometer Observations.&quot; Remote Sensing 11.3 (2019): 285.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

scholarly journals Practices of injectable antibiotics preparation and administration among healthcare practitioners in multidisciplinary wards

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lih Ling Kwek ◽  
Shu Mei Lai ◽  
Fatin Sarahani Samedrik ◽  
Wei Yang Lee ◽  
Keerthy Venthen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Staff Nurses ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Collection Form

Injectable antibiotics with rapid deliveries to infection sites are preferable in healthcare settings. Low incidence of appropriate injectable antibiotics preparation and administration (IAPAA) among healthcare practitioners will cause antimicrobial resistance, thrombophlebitis, and mortality. This study aimed to identify rates of appropriate IAPAA, possible contributing factors, implement strategies, and evaluate their effectiveness.A cross-sectional study involving direct observation was conducted in Hospital Tanjung Karang (HTK) multidisciplinary wards from August 2018 to February 2019. 148 samples fulfilling criteria were randomly selected. Data collection form was used to record demographic profiles from bed-head-ticket (BHT) and observed IAPAA processes. Rates of appropriate IAPAA were determined and analyzed with SPSS Statistics. Descriptive statistics were employed. The rate of appropriate IAPAA upon verification was only 14.2%. All uncommon and slow intravenous (SIV) antibiotics demonstrated 0% appropriateness. Possible factors included unaware of rare procedures, inadequate references, knowledge, and monitoring. The rate was successfully improved to 49.3% after various implementations, including "SWeFT." Among all six IAPAA categories, reconstitution concentration and administration duration revealed the most improvements, from 33.8% to 93.8% and 18.9% to 52.7%. Staff nurses found antibiotics rarely initiated by visiting specialists less familiar. The least appropriate administration duration was mostly come from SIV antibiotics, whereby inadequate equipment and personal problems were the possible reasons. Inappropriate IAPAA practices are preventable with proper measures. Further innovations or inward patient care systems, containing electronic BHT and nursing injections preparation and administration alert systems, should be implemented to improve clinical outcomes and safety of patients.

scholarly journals Predictive Factors of Development of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy for Patients with Juvenile Graves’ Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Jarusaitiene ◽  
Rasa Verkauskiene ◽  
Vytautas Jasinskas ◽  
Jurate Jankauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Graves Orbitopathy ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Major Factors

Background. Due to low incidence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) among children, the manifestation is poorly analyzed, posing a risk to late identification of insidious disease.Purposes. To identify predictive factors that may influence the development of GO in pediatric and young patients with Graves’ disease (GD).Methods. A cross-sectional study of patients newly diagnosed with pediatric or juvenile GD during 2002–2012 was conducted at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Ocular evaluation was based on European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy survey. The ocular manifestations were analyzed in relation to demographic, environmental, and clinical factors.Results. In total, 130 patients with juvenile GD were included; 29.2% had GO. Median age at GD onset was 17 yrs (IQR 4–29). Main symptoms of GO were eyelids retraction (73.7%), proptosis (65.8%), injection of conjunctiva (42.1%), and eyeball motility disturbance (21.1%). Major significant and independent risk factors for GO development were high initial concentration of FT4 (OR = 5.963), TTHAb (OR = 6.358), stress (OR = 6.030), and smoking (OR = 7.098).Conclusion. The major factors that could influence GO development were smoking, stress, and increased levels of initial TRAb, FT4. Slight proptosis, retraction of eyelids, and conjunctive injection were found as predominant ophthalmological symptoms in juvenile GO.

Geolocation of uterine cervical neoplasms (UCN) in the context of a prevention program in Tucumán, Argentina.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13535-e13535
Author(s):  
Silvia Victoria Holgado ◽  
Ana Vinuales ◽  
Daniel Gustavo Goroso ◽  
William Tsutomu Watanabe ◽  
Juan Jose Zarba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Carcinoma ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adenocarcinoma In Situ ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Invasive Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Population ◽  
Short Time

e13535 Background: : UCN is one of the major public health problems in Tucumán, that must be related to the type of population to which it belongs (Rural or Urban). Geolocation allows the processing and analysis of geographic information whose results support decision-making in solving complex planning and management problems on the territory. The objective of this study is to carry out management quality controls of the PPCCUT (Programa de Prevención de Cáncer Cervical Uterino-Tucumán) to achieve adequate prevention and detection of uterine cervical lesions in the province. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study of 1343 women, (16-90 years), with a biopsy diagnosis UCN, under PPCCUT (years 2013-2020). Preanalytical work: allowed the review quality the registries and the diagnoses follow-up. Data recollection from SITAM (Online Information System for Screening), population registry database. Variables: Address: registered in SITAM, joined by information from the provincial female electoral roll 2019. Histological Diagnosis: High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Invasive Squamous Carcinoma (ISC), Adenocarcinoma In situ (AIS), Invasive Adenocarcinoma (IDA). Analytical work: The conversion from address to latitude and longitude was performed by programming Google Sheet. This data was segmented by hospital center and opened in layers inside QGIS, as well as the map of Argentina. Results: Preanalytical. Register showed from 1343 patients received 1748 biopsies, were excluded 160 without address (incomplete data loading by the effectors). Lack of coordination in diagnosis area: 33 patients received first “in situ diagnosis” and in a short time later were consider “invasive lesions”. Some Patients had 2 bis 6 biopsies with same diagnosis. Analytical (geolocation): showed the influence of PPCCUT outside the province, including living abroad. It was found correlation between patients’ distribution with the population density. Conclusions: The importance of the work lays in the lack of antecedents in the application of the geolocation tool in programs of UCN in Tucumán and in other regions of Argentina. This allowed monitoring in different aspects of the programmatic management.

Assessing the Health Status of Children Entering Foster Care

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Chernoff ◽  
Terri Combs-Orme ◽  
Christina Risley-Curtiss ◽  
Alice Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Foster Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children In Foster Care ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Complete Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short Time

Objective. Most research on health problems of children in foster care has been cross-sectional, resulting in overselection of children who have been in care long-term and underrepresentation of children who are in care for a short time. Methodology. This paper reports on the health of a large cohort of children who had complete health examinations at the time of entry into foster care in a middle-size city during a 2-year period. Results. Results indicate that &gt;90% of the children had an abnormality in atleast one body system, 25% failed the vision screen, and 15% failed the hearing screen. The children were also lighter and shorter than the norm. Mental health screening revealed that 75% had a family history of mental illness or drug or alcohol abuse. Of children older than 3 years of age, 15% admitted to or were suspect for suicidal ideation and 7% for homicidal ideation. Of the children younger than 5 years of age, 23% had abnormal or suspect results on developmental screening examinations. At the time of entry into foster care, 12% of the children required an antibiotic. More than half needed urgent or nonurgent referrals for medical services and, for children &gt;3 years of age, more than half needed urgent or nonurgent referrals for dental and mental health services. Just 12% of the children required only routine follow-up care. Conclusions. The high prevalence and broad range of health needs of children at the time they enter foster care necessitate the design and implementation of better models of health care delivery for children in foster care.

scholarly journals Observations of the Antarctic ice sheet with the Seasat scatterometer: relation to katabatic-wind intensity and direction

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (132) ◽  
pp. 385-396
Author(s):  
M. Ledroit ◽  
F. Remy ◽  
J.-F. Minster
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Katabatic Wind ◽  
Katabatic Winds ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Scatter Coefficient ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Ocean Wind ◽  
Wind Intensity ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe Seasat A satellite scatterometer radar, initially designed to measure ocean-wind intensity and direction, also provided observations on the Antarctic ice sheet. The signal of the back-scatter coefficient decreases strongly from 10 to −20 dB when the incidence angle of the observations increases from 0° to 65°. An additional 5 dB signal is found, which is correlated with the direction and intensity of katabatic winds, independent of the incidence angle and polarization of the signal. By using simplified models of the volume-scattering within the snowpack (which is mostly sensitive to snow grain-size) and surface-scattering from the air-snow interface (which depends on roughness), it is evident that the signal of the scatterometer could result from the effects of snow dunes at low incidence angle, and of micro-roughness and volume back-scatter at incidence angles greater than 25°. The instrument therefore provides a means of measuring the direction and intensity of katabatic winds.

scholarly journals The Influence of Flow Rate on the Wake in a Centrifugal Impeller

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Johnson ◽  
J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stagnation Pressure ◽  
Centrifugal Impeller ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Compressor Impeller

Three-dimensional flows and their influence on the stagnation pressure losses in a centrifugal compressor impeller have been studied. All 3 mutally perpendicular components of relative velocity and stagnation pressure on 5 cross-sectional planes, between the inlet and outlet of a 1 m dia shrouded impeller running at 500 rpm were measured. Comparisons were made between results for a flow rate corresponding to nearly zero incidence angle and two other flows, with increased and reduced flow rates. These detailed measurements show how the position of separation of the shroud boundary layer moved downstream and the wake’s size decreased, as the flow rate was increased. The wake’s location, at the outlet of the impeller, was also observed to move from the suction surface at the lowest flow rate, to the shroud at higher flow rates.

scholarly journals Understanding Ku-Band Ocean Radar Backscatter at Low Incidence Angles under Weak to Severe Wind Conditions by Comparison of Measurements and Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3445
Author(s):  
Qiushuang Yan ◽  
Chenqing Fan ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Junmin Meng
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Scattering Theory ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Specular Scattering ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ku Band

The rain-free normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) measurements from the Ku-band precipitation radars (PRs) aboard the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) and the global precipitation measurement (GPM) mission, along with simultaneous sea surface wind truth from buoy observations, stepped-frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) measurements, and H*Wind analyses, are used to investigate the abilities of the quasi-specular scattering models, i.e., the physical optics model (PO) and the classical and improved geometrical optics models (GO and GO4), to reproduce the Ku-band NRCS at low incidence angles of 0–18° over the wind speed range of 0–45 m/s. On this basis, the limitations of the quasi-specular scattering theory and the effects of wave breaking are discussed. The results show that the return caused by quasi-specular reflection is affected significantly by the presence of background swell waves at low winds. At moderate wind speeds of 5–15 m/s, the NRCS is still dominated by the quasi-specular reflection, and the wave breaking starts to work but its contribution is very small, thus, the models are found in excellent agreement with the measurements. With wind speed increasing, the impact of wave breaking increases, whereas the role of standard quasi-specular reflection decreases. The wave breaking impact on NRCS is first visible at incidence angles near 18° as wind speed exceeds about 20 m/s, then it becomes dominant when wind speed exceeds about 37 m/s where the NRCS is insensitive to wind speed and depends linearly on incidence angle, which cannot be explained by the standard quasi-specular scattering theory.

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