Application of Onsager's Reciprocity Relations to Alloy Solidification

1988 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Kaplan ◽  
M. J. Aziz ◽  
L. J. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Interface Motion ◽  
Alloy Solidification ◽  
Moving Interface ◽  
Reciprocity Relations ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Thermodynamic Forces ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Onsager’S Relations

ABSTRACTA requirement of any theory for the kinetics of interface motion during a phase transformation is that the force law which relates fluxes to thermodynamic forces satisfies Onsager's reciprocity relations. In this paper we show how to apply Onsager's relations to a phase transformation mediated by a moving interface in a two-component system. We use the result to evaluate two proposed models for interface motion during alloy solidification.

scholarly journals Constitutive Mutations of the Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Transcriptional Virulence RegulatorphoP

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 3758-3762 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Gunn ◽  
Robert K. Ernst ◽  
Andrea J. McCoy ◽  
Samuel I. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Lipid A ◽  
Transcriptional Regulator ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Gene Induction ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Constitutive Mutant

ABSTRACT The PhoP-PhoQ two-component system is necessary for the virulence of Salmonella spp. and is responsible for regulating several modifications of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mutagenesis of the transcriptional regulator phoP resulted in the identification of a mutant able to activate transcription of regulated genes ∼100-fold in the absence of PhoQ. Sequence analysis showed two single-base alterations resulting in amino acid changes at positions 93 (S93N) and 203 (Q203R). These mutations were individually created, and although each resulted in a constitutive phenotype, the double mutant displayed a synergistic effect both in the induction of PhoP-activated gene expression and in resistance to antimicrobial peptides. The constitutive phoP gene was placed under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoter to examine the kinetics of PhoP-activated gene induction and the resultant modifications of LPS. Gene induction and 2-hydroxymyristate modification of the lipid A were shown to occur within minutes of the addition of arabinose and to peak at 4 h. As the first constitutive mutant of phoP identified, this allele will be invaluable to future genetic and biochemical studies of this and likely other regulatory systems.

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