Mechanism of Ca-Ba diffusion in lead-free (Ba,Ca)TiO3 piezoelectrics

2015 ◽  
Vol 1782 ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Shu ◽  
Daniel Reed ◽  
Tim Button
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Diffusion Couple ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

AbstractThe reaction mechanism of BaCO3+CaCO3+TiO2 by solid state methods has been studied in this work using thermal analysis (DSC-TG) from 500 to 1500 °C and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) from room temperature to 800 °C. In the mixed powders, the CaO is firstly formed followed by presence of an intermediate Ba2TiO4 phase and finally the formation of CaTiO3, BaTiO3 and/or (Ba,Ca)TiO3, where the presence of CaO or CaTiO3 (CT) has slowed down the formation of BaTiO3 (BT). Raman microscopy of a BT-CT diffusion couple has shown that Ca2+ firstly diffuses into the BT grain boundaries and then into the BT core.

A twofold interpenetrating three-dimensional CdIIcoordination framework: poly[[μ2-1,3-bis(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene](μ3-5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylato)cadmium(II)]

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1138-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Li ◽  
Jian-Qing Tao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pentagonal Bipyramid ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coordination Framework

A twofold interpenetrating three-dimensional CdIIcoordination framework, [Cd(C8H3NO6)(C14H14N4)]n, has been prepared and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit consists of a divalent CdIIatom, one 1,3-bis(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene (1,3-BMIB) ligand and one fully deprotonated 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylate (NO2-BDC2−) ligand. The coordination sphere of the CdIIatom consists of five O-donor atoms from three different NO2-BDC2−ligands and two imidazole N-donor atoms from two different 1,3-BMIB ligands, forming a distorted {CdN2O5} pentagonal bipyramid. The NO2-BDC ligand links three CdIIatomsviaa μ1-η1:η1chelating mode and a μ2-η2:η1bridging mode. The title compound is a twofold interpenetrating 3,5-connected network with the {42.65.83}{42.6} topology. In addition, the compound exhibits fluorescence emissions in the solid state at room temperature.

Solid State Reactions In Binary Mixtures Of Nanometer-Sized Particles

1993 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Dickenscheid ◽  
R. Birringer
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Solid State Reactions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Annealing Behavior ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Condensation ◽  
Inert Gas Condensation

ABSTRACTSolid state reactions in mixtures of nanometer-sized Cu and Zr as well as Ni and Zr crystallites -produced by inert-gas condensation followed by in situ compaction - have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The annealing behavior is compared to that of corresponding multilayer samples. The results are discussed with emphasis placed on the different parameters controlling solid state reactions.

Phase relations in the Ba–Sr–Co–Fe–O system at 1273 K in air

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhèn Yáng ◽  
Ashley S. Harvey ◽  
Anna Infortuna ◽  
Ludwig J. Gauckler
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Reaction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Method ◽  
X Ray

Selected compositions of the Ba–Sr–Co–Fe–O system were synthesized from powders by the solid-state reaction method. Samples were equilibrated at 1273 K for 36 000 s in air. The resulting powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature and by high-temperaturein situXRD. The phases present in the BaxSr1−xCoyFe1−yO3−δsystem are outlined for 1273 K in air. For most of the quaternary compositions, the cubic perovskite is formed, except for the compositions withx= 1 (excludingy= 0.4),y= 1 andx,y= 0.8, where the phases mainly show hexagonal distortions, andx, y= 0, for which a predominant cubic phase is mixed with other phases.

DIELECTRIC AND PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (K,Na)NbO3-BASED PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC A. PATTERSON ◽  
DAVID P. CANN
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Piezoelectric Properties ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Maximum Strain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dielectric And Piezoelectric Properties

Solid solutions based on Li , Ta and Sb -doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) lead-free perovskite systems were created using standard solid-state methods. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm that all compositions were single phase and to verify the phase transition from tetragonal to cubic at TC = 302° C . The three compositions examined, originally developed by Saito and Li , were shown to be strongly ferroelectric with sharp peaks in permittivity present at the Curie temperature. The optimum composition had loss tangent values below 5% up to 100 kHz at room temperature. Bipolar hysteresis measurements showed high values for both maximum polarization (25 and 21 μC/cm2) and remenant polarizations (20 and 16 μC/cm2) for undoped and 0.2 wt% CuO -doped samples. Maximum strain values of greater than 0.23% were observed.

Photoluminescence Enhancement of CdS Nanocrystals Fabricated on Dithiocarbamate Functionalized PET Substrates

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 1511-1515
Author(s):  
Chun Lin Zhao ◽  
Li Xing ◽  
Xiao Hong Liang ◽  
Jun Hui Xiang ◽  
Fu Shi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Diffraction Measurement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cds Nanocrystals ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals (NCs) were self-assembled and in-situ immobilized on the dithiocarbamate (DTCs)-functionalized polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) substrates between the organic (carbon disulfide diffused in n-hexane) –aqueous (ethylenediamine and Cd2+ dissolved in water) interface at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction measurement revealed the hexagonal structure of CdS nanocrystals. Morphological studies performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) showed the island-like structure of CdS nanocrystals on PET substrates, as well as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the stoichiometries of CdS nanocrystals. The optical properties of DTCs modified CdS nanocrystals were thoroughly investigated by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The as-prepared DTCs present intrinsic hydrophobicity and strong affinity for CdS nanocrystals.

In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Study of a Deformed Cu-Fe-P Alloy during Heating

2016 ◽  
Vol 850 ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Cun Lei Zou ◽  
Ren Geng Li ◽  
Wen Wen ◽  
Hui Jun Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lattice Distortion ◽  
Copper Matrix ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Recrystallization Process ◽  
Full Width ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Dramatic Decrease ◽  
X Ray

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to study a deformed Cu-0.88 Fe-0.24 P alloy during heating process. The measurements were performed at room temperature and also at high temperatures up to 893 K in order to determine the recovery, ageing and recrystallization process. With the increase of temperature, the angles of copper matrix peaks moved left and the FWHM (full width at half maximum) decreased slightly. Fe3P precipitates were first detected at 533 K, reached the maximum at 673 K, and re-dissolved into matrix at 853 K. A dramatic decrease in FWHM was observed accompanied by the precipitation of Fe3P phases, indicating the reduction of lattice distortion of copper matrix.

Solid state synthesis of LiFePO4 studied by in situ high energy X-ray diffraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zonghai Chen ◽  
Yang Ren ◽  
Yan Qin ◽  
Huiming Wu ◽  
Shengqian Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solid State Synthesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Insertion of Phosphenium Ions into a Bicyclo[1.1.0]Tetraphosphabutane Iron Complex

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3920
Author(s):  
Martin Weber ◽  
Gábor Balázs ◽  
Alexander V. Virovets ◽  
Eugenia Peresypkina ◽  
Manfred Scheer
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Iron Complex ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phosphenium Ions

By reacting [{Cp‴Fe(CO)2}2(µ,η1:1-P4)] (1) with in situ generated phosphenium ions [Ph2P][A] ([A]− = [OTf]− = [O3SCF3]−, [PF6]−), a mixture of two main products of the composition [{Cp‴Fe(CO)2}2(µ,η1:1-P5(C6H5)2)][PF6] (2a and 3a) could be identified by extensive 31P NMR spectroscopic studies at 193 K. Compound 3a was also characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, showing the rarely observed bicyclo[2.1.0]pentaphosphapentane unit. At room temperature, the novel compound [{Cp‴Fe}(µ,η4:1-P5Ph2){Cp‴(CO)2Fe}][PF6] (4) is formed by decarbonylation. Reacting 1 with in situ generated diphenyl arsenium ions gives short-lived intermediates at 193 K which disproportionate at room temperature into tetraphenyldiarsine and [{Cp‴Fe(CO)2}4(µ4,η1:1:1:1-P8)][OTf]2 (5) containing a tetracyclo[3.3.0.02,7.03,6]octaphosphaoctane ligand.

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