Analysis and Control of Plating Baths in the Electrodeposition of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Films with Ion Chromatography

2011 ◽  
Vol 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein ◽  
Serdar Aksu ◽  
Tuncay Cetiner ◽  
Sarah Lastella ◽  
Mustafa Pinarbasi
Keyword(s):  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Anionic Species ◽  
High Yields

ABSTRACTCu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) is one of the most advanced absorber materials with conversion efficiencies reaching up to about 20%. Electrodeposition of CIGS precursors is highly attractive due to its low cost, efficient utilization of raw materials and scalability to high-volume manufacturing, however, a strict chemistry control of the plating baths is required in a manufacturing environment to ensure a consistent plating process with high yields. In the present study, we tested the use of ion chromatography (IC), for the quantitative analysis of both the cationic and anionic species in a variety of aqueous alkaline electroplating solutions we developed for the fabrication of CIGS precursors. Using ion chromatography we were able to precisely determine the concentrations of several key anions commonly employed in the plating baths including chloride, sulfate, selenite, selenate, tartrate, citrate, gluconate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Our results indicated IC might not be a suitable method to determine the cationic concentrations for Cu, In, Ga ions when complexing species, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetate, are present in the electroplating solutions. We determined that inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) could be used instead for the precise determination of the cationic concentrations.

scholarly journals Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate and sulphate by ion chromatography: comparisons of methodologies for rainfall, cloud water and river waters at the Plynlimon catchments of mid-Wales

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neal ◽  
C. Neal ◽  
H. Wickham ◽  
S. Harman
Keyword(s):  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Stream Waters

Abstract. The results of determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate and sulphate using ion chromatography (IC) are compared with those obtained by colorimetric and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) for rainfall, cloud water and stream waters in the Plynlimon experimental catchments of mid-Wales. For bromide, the concentrations determined by IC are lower than those for the colorimetric method used; the colorimetric method probably determined bromide plus organo-bromine compounds. It is suggested that the values determined by the colorimetric method be termed dissolved labile bromine (DLBr). The study shows that sulphate is the overriding form of sulphur in the waters. For chloride and nitrate, measurements by both methods approach a 1:1 relationship that is barely statistically significantly different from unity. For fluoride, the IC method gives lower values than the colorimetric, especially for the stream waters. However, the colorimetric method determines total fluorine so that a difference is to be expected (for example, fluoride strongly complexes with aluminium that is present, especially in the streamwater).

scholarly journals Investigation of sodium borohydride and hydrazine oxidation on gold nanoparticles modified zinc–cobalt coating

Chemija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aušrinė Zabielaitė ◽  
Aldona Balčiūnaitė ◽  
Dijana Šimkūnaitė ◽  
Jūratė Vaičiūnienė ◽  
Algirdas Selskis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Titanium Substrate ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Cobalt Coating

This work presents the investigation of the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine and sodium borohydride ions in alkaline solutions on the Au nanoparticles modified ZnCo coating surface, which was deposited on the titanium substrate (termed as AuZnCo/Ti). The AuZnCo/Ti catalysts were prepared via a facile electrochemical deposition technique followed by a simple and low-cost galvanic displacement. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy were used for characterization of the prepared catalysts surface morphology, structure and composition, whereas their electrocatalytic behaviour was investigated for the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine and sodium borohydride in an alkaline medium using cyclic voltammetry. It has been determined that the AuZnCo/Ti catalysts with Au loadings of 31, 63 and 306 µg cm–2 show enhanced catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of both hydrazine and sodium borohydride as compared to that of the ZnCo/Ti catalyst.

A new closed-vessel conductively heated digestion system: fostering plant analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelber Miranda ◽  
Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho ◽  
José Anchieta Gomes Neto
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Closed Vessel ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy

A high-throughput, low cost and efficient device based on conductive heating and closed-vessels was developed and applied to plant digestion.

The Study of Drift in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Analysis of Silicate and Carbonate Raw Materials

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2905-2917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Kanický
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Internal Standard Method ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Inductively Coupled

The work shows the importance of maintaining a constant temperature in a spray chamber to obtain a stable signal in the ICP spectrometry of water solutions. Simple shielding against ICP thermal radiation and forced air circulation in a plasma torch/spry chamber. The internal standard method has been used to improve signal stability. The number and composition of calibration solutions have been optimized for the detremination of the main constituents of some silicate and carbonate raw materials. An ultrasonic cleaning bath has been successfully used instead of stirring to dissolve the samples after fusion with LiBO2. Certified Czech and Slovak geological reference materials and some international standards have been used to test the accuracy. Statistical tests have proved that the method of determination complies with the requirements of technological standards.

scholarly journals Fortification of Ground Roasted Coffees with Iron, Zinc, and Calcium Salts: Evaluation of Minerals Recovery in Filtered and Espresso Brews

Beverages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Soares ◽  
Nathalia M. Barros ◽  
Tatiana D Saint’Pierre ◽  
Juliana De P. Lima ◽  
Verônica Calado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Selection Of

Micronutrient deficiencies are of great public health and socioeconomic importance. Food fortification has been widely used as a simple low-cost resource to increase mineral intake. Considering that coffee is the most consumed food product worldwide, in this study, C. arabica and C. canephora seeds were roasted, ground, and fortified with three salts of iron, zinc, and calcium as part of the selection of appropriate mineral vehicles for fortification. After ranking the performance through a test by a trained tasters’ panel, only two salts for each mineral remained. Mineral recoveries were evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) in filtered (paper and nylon filters) and espresso brews. The best mean recoveries for each mineral in espresso brew prepared from fortified coffees were: 80.8% of iron as ferrous bisglycinate chelate, 75.4% of zinc as zinc lactate, and 72.1% of calcium as calcium lactate. These better ranked salts by the tasters’ panel. In filtered brews, mean recovery values of 51.1%, 47.6%, and 51.6% were obtained for the same mineral salts, respectively. No difference or very small differences were observed between species and types of filter. The results implications are discussed.

High-throughput sugarcane leaf analysis using a low cost closed-vessel conductively heated digestion system and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 9503-9508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelber Miranda ◽  
Alan Lima Vieira ◽  
José Anchieta Gomes Neto
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Closed Vessel ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy

A CHDS with quartz tubes is a low cost alternative to MW digestion for laboratories involved in sugarcane leaf analysis.

scholarly journals Solid-State Emissive Metallo-Supramolecular Assemblies of Quinoline-Based Acyl Hydrazone

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Cho ◽  
TaeWoo Kim ◽  
Hyunwoo Kim ◽  
Changsik Song
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Supramolecular Assembly ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Binding Modes ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Acyl Hydrazone ◽  
Hydrazone Derivative

Development of fluorescence-based sensory materials for metal elements is currently in the mainstream of research due to the simplicity and usability of fluorescence as a method of detection. Herein, we report a novel “bis”-quinoline-based acyl hydrazone—named bQH that could be synthesized by a facile, low-cost method through simple condensation of hydrazide with an aldehyde. This acyl hydrazone showed emissive properties through Zn selective binding, especially in its solid-state, as shown by experiments such as UV–Vis, photoluminescence (PL), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopies (ICP-OES), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The binding modes in which bQH coordinates to Zn2+ was proved to consist of two modes, 1:1 and 1:2 (bQH:Zn2+), where the binding mode was controlled by the Zn2+ ion content. Under the 1:1 binding mode, bQH-Zn2+ complexes formed a polymeric array through the metallo-supramolecular assembly. The resulting bQH-Zn2+ complex maintained its fluorescence in solid-state and exhibited excellent fluorescence intensity as compared to the previously reported quinoline-based acyl hydrazone derivative (mQH).

Determination of chlorine and sulfur in high purity flexible graphite using ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) after pyrohydrolysis sample preparation

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2129-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thieli Schaefer Nunes ◽  
Cristiano Cabral Muller ◽  
Paula Balestrin ◽  
Aline Lima Hermes Muller ◽  
Marcia Foster Mesko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Flexible Graphite

Pyrohydrolysis was used for flexible graphite analysis by OES.

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