Interim Report on THE LIGHTFASTNESS CORRELATION PROJECT

2011 ◽  
Vol 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Gottsegen
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Single Number

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the five-year Lightfastness Correlation Project that I am conducting in sixteen institutions in the US and Western Europe, with the support of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation.Dr. Robert L. Feller, a scientist at the National Gallery of Art, published several papers in the 1970s in which he speculated that a certain duration of time could be correlated, in a general way, to the color changes noted in the Blue Wool Textile Fading Cards. Museums use the cards as inexpensive dosimeters, put somewhere in a gallery along with the art. Enough is known about their behavior to have confidence in their ability to indicate when it is time to remove an object from exhibition.The Blue Wools are also used in two Standards developed by ASTM International’s Subcommittee D01.57 on Artists’ Paints and Related Materials. ASTM D 5383 and ASTM D 5398 are simple lightfastness test methods. In them, the Blue Wool cards are exposed to natural daylight along with any colored material, and are used to tell the artist when it’s time to stop the test and as a rating device.Another ASTM Standard from D01.57, ASTM D4303, uses instruments to control the accumulated amount of natural daylight, or simulated daylight in a xenon arc light exposure machine. It also uses a spectrophotometer to calculate the color change that can occur in a test sample, expressed in CIE L*a*b*. There is also a standard formula for calculating color change that results in a single number, expressed as Delta E, or ∆E.The ∆E number is used by ASTM D01.57 to assign lightfastness ratings to artists’ coloring materials covered by its Specifications for various products. Initial development of the ASTM methods began in 1977; we have 33 years of data that confirms the worth of the methods used in our testing.What is the relationship between the results of Blue Wool testing and the results using D01.57’s technical ∆Es? This is a fundamental question we have yet to thoroughly examine. We have begun to work on the problem, using accelerated natural and artificial light sources as in ASTM D 4303. But no one has ever tried to compare the results of these two test methods in a museum environment, over an extended period of real time.“The Lightfastness Correlation Project” ends in August 2011, and a final scientific report will be submitted to the sponsor, The Samuel H. Kress Foundation, in September 2011.

scholarly journals Comparison on the Aging of Woods Exposed to Natural Sunlight and Artificial Xenon Light

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Liu ◽  
Hanwen Zhu ◽  
Kang Li ◽  
Zhong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Xenon Light ◽  
Aging Stage

To investigate the relationship between sunlight and artificial light sources on the weathering of wood, three woods, namely, Tectona grandis L.F. (teak), Stereospermum colais (mabberley), and Dicorynia guianensis (basralocus), were tested under natural sunlight for 733 days and artificial xenon light for 180 h, respectively. A comparison between sunlight and artificial xenon light was made based on surface color changes at various intervals. The results showed that the woods suffered from more severe aging in the artificial xenon light exposure than that in the natural sunlight exposure. At the early stage of exposure, very good relationships were found between 70 days under natural sunlight weathering and 60 h under artificial xenon light weathering. Compared with natural sunlight, about a 30 times faster aging process was identified in the artificial xenon light. However, the linear relationship vanished at the later aging stage. It was found that the color change fluctuated in natural sunlight, while it increased steadily in artificial xenon light. The wood species affected the aging of woods. In natural sunlight exposure, the color change decreased in the order of mabberley > teak > basralocus, while in artificial xenon light exposure, color change decreased in the order of mabberley > basralocus > teak due to the easier volatilization of extractives in artificial xenon light than in natural sunlight.

An evaluation of ECT sample height for small flute board grades and Box Manufacturer’s Certification compliance

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
CORY JAY WILSON ◽  
BENJAMIN FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Sample Height ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corrugated Fiberboard

TAPPI test T811 is the specified method to ascertain ECT relative to box manufacturer’s certification compliance of corrugated fiberboard under Rule 41/ Alternate Item 222. T811 test sample heights were derived from typical board constructions at the time of the test method’s initial development. New, smaller flute sizes have since been developed, and the use of lighter weight boards has become more common. The T811 test method includes sample specifications for typical A-flute, B-flute, and C-flute singlewall (and doublewall and triplewall) structures, but not for newer thinner E-flute or F-flute structures. This research explores the relationship of ECT sample height to measured compressive load, in an effort to determine valid E-flute and F-flute ECT sample heights for use with the T811 method. Through this process, it identifies challenges present in our use of current ECT test methods as a measure of intrinsic compressive strength for smaller flute structures. The data does not support the use of TAPPI T 811 for ECT measurement for E and F flute structures, and demonstrates inconsistencies with current height specifi-cations for some lightweight B flute.

Photostabilizers performance on the surface analysis of green composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Hasret Ece Sönmez ◽  
Mehmet Safa Bodur ◽  
Alper Adrian Baysan ◽  
Mustafa Bakkal ◽  
Ersin Serhatli
Keyword(s):  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Photodegradation Mechanism ◽  
Ldpe Composites

In this work, various stabilizers have been introduced to prevent or delay degradation due to ultraviolet (UV) light exposure to prolong the service life of cotton fiber-reinforced composites. The effect of various additives like hindered amine light stabilizer, UV absorber (UVA), and antioxidant as photostabilizers of CF/low-density polyethylene (CF/LDPE) composites was compared. We showed how they influence to delay or eliminate the photodegradation of CF/LDPE subjected accelerated weathering. Surface analysis was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and color measurements. The results showed us the insight of the photodegradation mechanism of weathered CF/LDPE composites undergoing photooxidative reactions which causes a loss surface quality such as micro-cracking and color change. Among the stabilizers, UVA was found to be the most effective to delay some color changes in long term.

Monitoring of inflammatory response to cancer immunotherapies.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15199-e15199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qimin Quan ◽  
John Geanacopoulos ◽  
Joshua Ritchey ◽  
Mark Clenow ◽  
Joe Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Color Change ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Cmos Compatible

e15199 Background: Inflammation observed in response to some monoclonal antibody drugs and adaptive T-Cell therapies has become a major issue in cancer immunotherapy. Prognostic monitoring of the inflammatory response requires simultaneous measurement of multiple cytokines at widely divergent concentrations. At present, no analytical method, known to us, can provide large dynamic range (> 6 logs), high sensitivity (< 1pg/ml) and high multiplex in a single test. Methods: The NanoMosaic platform is a cytokine quantification technology powered by silicon nanoneedle biosensors that are densely integrated on a plate and manufactured with CMOS-compatible nanofabrication processes. Each nanoneedle is a label-free biosensor, functionalized with capture antibodies. Each analyte specific sensing area consists a total of ~23k nanoneedles divided into a digital region (~20k nanoneedles) and an analog region (~3k nanoneedles), combined to cover the entire range of inflammatory biomarkers from 0.1pg/ml to 1ug/ml. Results: We demonstrated that the digital nanoneedles achieve the single molecule sensitivity. Therefore, at ultra-low concentrations when antigens that are captured by the nanoneedles follow Poisson statistics, the number of antigens can be quantitated by counting the presence or absence of color changes of individual nanoneedles in a binary fashion. As the protein concentrations increase, the binding events increase accordingly and achieve saturation when all nanoneedles capture more than one protein. Above the digital saturation concentration, an adjacent section of analog nanoneedles perform quantitative analysis based on the level of color change, thus providing a wider dynamic range up to 1ug/ml. Each single analyte area, including both digital and analog sensors, is less than 500um. Therefore, high level multiplex can be achieved by duplicating the detection sensor in a microarray format without loss of sensitivity and dynamic range. Conclusions: The CMOS-compatible NanoMosaic technology provides the cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, dynamic range and multiplexing capacity required to fully integrate patient immune response into therapeutic development and decision making.

Laser Influence on Dental Sensitivity Compared to Other Light Sources Used During In-office Dental Bleaching: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597
Author(s):  
BGS Casado ◽  
EP Pellizzer ◽  
JR Souto Maior ◽  
CAA Lemos ◽  
BCE Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Tooth Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses

Clinical Relevance The use of laser light during bleaching will not reduce the incidence or severity of sensitivity and will not increase the degree of color change compared with nonlaser light sources. SUMMARY Objective: To evaluate whether the use of laser during in-office bleaching promotes a reduction in dental sensitivity after bleaching compared with other light sources. Methods: The present review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and is registered with PROSPERO (CDR42018096591). Searches were conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles published up to August 2018. Only randomized clinical trials among adults that compared the use of laser during in-office whitening and other light sources were considered eligible. Results: After analysis of the texts retrieved during the database search, six articles met the eligibility criteria and were selected for the present review. For the outcome dental sensitivity, no significant difference was found favoring any type of light either for intensity (mean difference [MD]: −1.60; confidence interval [CI]: −3.42 to 0.22; p=0.09) or incidence (MD: 1.00; CI: 0.755 to 1.33; p=1.00). Regarding change in tooth color, no significant differences were found between the use of the laser and other light sources (MD: −2.22; CI: −6.36 to 1.93; p=0.29). Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, laser exerts no influence on tooth sensitivity compared with other light sources when used during in-office bleaching. The included studies demonstrated that laser use during in-office bleaching may have no influence on tooth color change.

scholarly journals The Whitening Effect and Histological Safety of Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma Inducing Tooth Bleaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4714
Author(s):  
Seoul-Hee Nam ◽  
Byul Bo Ra Choi ◽  
Gyoo-Cheon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Tooth Bleaching ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Tooth Color

Various light sources have been applied to enhance the bleaching effect. This study was to identify the histological evaluation in oral soft tissues, as well as tooth color change after tooth bleaching by nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NAPP). Nine New Zealand adult female rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (n = 3): group 1 received no treatment; group 2 was treated with NAPP and 15% carbamide peroxide (CP), which contains 5.4% H2O2, and group 3 was treated with 15% CP without NAPP. Color change (ΔE) was measured using the Shade Eye NCC colorimeter. Animals were euthanized one day later to analyze the histological responses occurring in oral soft tissues, including pulp, gingiva, tongue, buccal mucosa, and hard and soft palates. Changes in all samples were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson’s trichrome. Teeth treated with plasma showed higher ΔE than that obtained with bleaching agents alone. Overall, the histological characteristics observed no appreciable changes. The combinational treatment of plasma had not indicated inflammatory responses as well as thermal damages. NAPP did not cause histological damage in oral soft tissues during tooth bleaching. We suggest that NAPP could be a novel alternative energy source to conventional light sources for tooth bleaching.

scholarly journals Investigation of the selective color-changing mechanism of Dynastes tityus beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyu Sun ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Limei Tian ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Photonic Materials ◽  
Local Color ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Color Changes

AbstractNot only does the Dynastes tityus beetle display a reversible color change controlled by differences in humidity, but also, the elytron scale can change color from yellow-green to deep-brown in specified shapes. The results obtained by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), show that the epicuticle (EPI) is a permeable layer, and the exocuticle (EXO) is a three-dimensional photonic crystal. To investigate the mechanism of the reversible color change, experiments were conducted to determine the water contact angle, surface chemical composition, and optical reflectance, and the reflective spectrum was simulated. The water on the surface began to permeate into the elytron via the surface elemental composition and channels in the EPI. A structural unit (SU) in the EXO allows local color changes in varied shapes. The reflectance of both yellow-green and deep-brown elytra increases as the incidence angle increases from 0° to 60°. The microstructure and changes in the refractive index are the main factors that influence the process of reversible color change. According to the simulation, the lower reflectance causing the color change to deep-brown results from water infiltration, which increases light absorption. Meanwhile, the waxy layer has no effect on the reflection of light. This study lays the foundation to manufacture engineered photonic materials that undergo controllable changes in iridescent color.

scholarly journals Characterization of Food Packaging Films with Blackcurrant Fruit Waste as a Source of Antioxidant and Color Sensing Intelligent Material

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2569
Author(s):  
Mia Kurek ◽  
Nasreddine Benbettaieb ◽  
Mario Ščetar ◽  
Eliot Chaudy ◽  
Maja Repajić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Chitosan Film ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Insoluble Particles ◽  
Polymer Stability ◽  
Food Packaging Films

Chitosan and pectin films were enriched with blackcurrant pomace powder (10 and 20% (w/w)), as bio-based material, to minimize food production losses and to increase the functional properties of produced films aimed at food coatings and wrappers. Water vapor permeability of active films increased up to 25%, moisture content for 27% in pectin-based ones, but water solubility was not significantly modified. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus) were mainly decreased due to the residual insoluble particles present in blackcurrant waste. FTIR analysis showed no significant changes between the film samples. The degradation temperatures, determined by DSC, were reduced by 18 °C for chitosan-based samples and of 32 °C lower for the pectin-based samples with blackcurrant powder, indicating a disturbance in polymer stability. The antioxidant activity of active films was increased up to 30-fold. Lightness and redness of dry films significantly changed depending on the polymer type. Significant color changes, especially in chitosan film formulations, were observed after exposure to different pH buffers. This effect is further explored in formulations that were used as color change indicators for intelligent biopackaging.

Color changes in dry-pigmented maxillofacial elastomer resulting from ultraviolet light exposure

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Beatty ◽  
Gordon K. Mahanna ◽  
Kurt Dick ◽  
Wenyi Jia
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Color Changes
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