Surface Modification Technologies for Durable Space Polymers

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Kleiman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Metal Foil ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Traditional Approaches

AbstractMany polymers, paints, and organic-based materials exposed to the space environment undergo dramatic changes and irreversible degradation of physical and functional characteristics. While many protective approaches, including protective coatings and mechanical metal foil wrapping or cladding—especially for synthesized bulk materials, are used to reduce the effects of the space environment, the protection of such materials in space remains a major challenge, especially for future long-duration exploration missions or permanent space stations. In addition to the traditional approaches, surface modification processes are used increasingly to protect or to impart new properties to materials used in the space environment. This article presents a brief overview of the present situation in the field of surface modification of space materials. A number of surface modification solutions that differ from the traditional protective coating approaches are discussed that change the surface properties of treated materials, thus protecting them from the hazards of low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit environments or imparting new functional properties. Examples of their testing, characterization, and applications are provided.

Surface Modification of Polymers, Paints and Composite Materials Used in the Low Earth Orbit Space Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob I. Kleiman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Orbit Space ◽  
Thermal Control ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Materials Used

ABSTRACTMany organic-based materials exposed to low Earth orbit (LEO) environment undergo dramatic changes and irreversible degradation of physical characteristics. While many protective schemes are used to reduce the effects of LEO environment, protection of such materials in LEO still remains a major challenge, especially for future long duration missions or space stations.In addition to the traditional protective coating approaches, surface modification processes were proposed and successfully used as an approach to protect polymers, thermal control paints and other components and structures from LEO environment. Among them two surface modification processes, the Photosil™ and the Implantox™ that used new approaches in silicon functionalization, as in the Photosil™, and a modified ion implantation process, as in the Implantox™ allowed to incorporate up to 36 at.% of Si into the upper surface layer regions of the treated polymers, composite materials, thermal control paints and other high-performance organic materials.The tests conducted in plasma and fast atomic oxygen (FAO) beam facilities at comparable to LEO fluencies (∼ (1–2)·1020 at.O/cm2 ) demonstrated erosion yields lower than −10−26 cm3at, unchanged thermal optical properties, where important, and excellent thermal match between the treated layers and the bulk of the treated materials. After FAO testing, the Implantox™ treated samples were clear and transparent, with a glassy-like shiny surface with no signs of any surface erosion.

Gynecologic Risk Mitigation Considerations for Long-Duration Spaceflight

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 543-564
Author(s):  
Jon G. Steller ◽  
Rebecca S. Blue ◽  
Roshan Burns ◽  
Tina M. Bayuse ◽  
Erik L. Antonsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Medical Risk ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION: As NASA and its international partners, as well as the commercial spaceflight industry, prepare for missions of increasing duration and venturing outside of low-Earth orbit, mitigation of medical risk is of high priority. Gynecologic considerations constitute one facet of medical risk for female astronauts. This manuscript will review the preflight, in-flight, and postflight clinical evaluation, management, and prevention considerations for reducing gynecologic and reproductive risks in female astronauts.METHODS: Relevant gynecological articles from databases including Ovid, Medline, Web of Science, various medical libraries, and NASA archives were evaluated for this review. In particular, articles addressing preventive measures or management of conditions in resource-limited environments were evaluated for applicability to future long-duration exploration spaceflight.RESULTS: Topics including abnormal uterine bleeding, anemia, bone mineral density, ovarian cysts, venous thromboembolism, contraception, fertility, and health maintenance were reviewed. Prevention and treatment strategies are discussed with a focus on management options that consider limitations of onboard medical capabilities.DISCUSSION: Long-duration exploration spaceflight will introduce new challenges for maintenance of gynecological and reproductive health. The impact of the space environment outside of low-Earth orbit on gynecological concerns remains unknown, with factors such as increased particle radiation exposure adding complexity and potential risk. While the most effective means of minimizing the impact of gynecologic or reproductive pathology for female astronauts is screening and prevention, gynecological concerns can arise unpredictably as they do on Earth. Careful consideration of gynecological risks and potential adverse events during spaceflight is a critical component to risk analysis and preventive medicine for future exploration missions.Steller JG, Blue RS, Burns R, Bayuse TM, Antonsen EL, Jain V, Blackwell MM, Jennings RT. Gynecologic risk mitigation considerations for long-duration spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(7):543–564.

The AMINO experiment: a laboratory for astrochemistry and astrobiology on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Cottin ◽  
K. Saiagh ◽  
Y.Y. Guan ◽  
M. Cloix ◽  
D. Khalaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Rna World ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
International Space ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
World Hypothesis

AbstractThe study of the evolution of organic matter subjected to space conditions, and more specifically to Solar photons in the vacuum ultraviolet range (120–200 nm) has been undertaken in low-Earth orbit since the 1990s, and implemented on various space platforms. This paper describes a photochemistry experiment called AMINO, conducted during 22 months between 2009 and 2011 on the EXPOSE-R ESA facility, outside the International Space Station. Samples with relevance to astrobiology (connected to comets, carbonaceous meteorites and micrometeorites, the atmosphere of Titan and RNA world hypothesis) have been selected and exposed to space environment. They have been analysed after return to the Earth. This paper is not discussing the results of the experiment, but rather gives a general overview of the project, the details of the hardware used, its configuration and recent developments to enable long-duration exposure of gaseous samples in tight closed cells enabling for the first time to derive quantitative results from gaseous phase samples exposed in space.

scholarly journals Overview of Biocompatible Materials and Their Use in Medicine

Folia Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denitsa D. Kiradzhiyska ◽  
Rositsa D. Mantcheva
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Biomedical Devices ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Host Tissues ◽  
Microbiological Properties

Abstract This survey presents a thorough overview of the main types of biomaterials used for the manufacturing of implants. The use of different materials for the creation and refinement of medical devices aims at optimizing their properties and raising the level of safety for the patients. The purpose of the study is to classify the most common bulk materials used in medicine according to their nature, interaction with the host tissues and their function in the organisms. Some important advantages and disadvantages of the different classes of implant materials are considered. In the last few years there is a strong tendency toward the surface modification of biomedical devices. Various trends in processing of the materials are focused on increasing their corrosion resistance, wear resistance, biocompatibility and microbiological properties.

scholarly journals The Effect of Low Earth Orbit Atomic Oxygen Exposure on Phenylphosphine Oxide-Containing Polymers

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W Connell
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Atomic Oxygen ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
Flight Experiment ◽  
Oxygen Exposure ◽  
Atomic Oxygen Exposure ◽  
Phenylphosphine Oxide

Thin films of phenylphosphine oxide-containing polymers were exposed to low Earth orbit aboard a space shuttle flight (STS-85) as part of flight experiment designated Evaluation of Space Environment and Effects on Materials (ESEM). This flight experiment was a cooperative effort between the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). The thin-film samples described herein were part of an atomic oxygen exposure (AOE) experiment and were exposed to primarily atomic oxygen (∼1×1019 atoms cm−2). The thin-film samples consisted of three phosphine oxide-containing polymers (arylene ether, benzimidazole and imide). Based on post-flight analyses using atomic force microscopy, x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and weight loss data, it was found that the exposure of these materials to atomic oxygen (AO) produces a phosphorus oxide layer on the surface of the samples. Earlier work has shown that this layer provides a barrier towards further attack by AO. Consequently, these materials do not exhibit linear erosion rates which is in contrast with most organic polymers. Qualitatively, the results obtained from these analyses compare favourably with those obtained from samples exposed to AO and/or an oxygen plasma in ground-based exposure experiments. The results of the low Earth orbit AO exposure on these materials will be compared with those of ground-based exposure to AO.

scholarly journals The affect of the space environment on the survival ofHalorubrum chaoviatorandSynechococcus(Nägeli): data from the Space Experiment OSMO on EXPOSE-R

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Mancinelli
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Space Vacuum

AbstractWe have shown using ESA's Biopan facility flown in Earth orbit that when exposed to the space environment for 2 weeks the survival rate ofSynechococcus(Nägeli), a halophilic cyanobacterium isolated from the evaporitic gypsum–halite crusts that form along the marine intertidal, andHalorubrum chaoviatora member of the Halobacteriaceae isolated from an evaporitic NaCl crystal obtained from a salt evaporation pond, were higher than all other test organisms exceptBacillusspores. These results led to the EXPOSE-R mission to extend and refine these experiments as part of the experimental package for the external platform space exposure facility on the ISS. The experiment was flown in February 2009 and the organisms were exposed to low-Earth orbit for nearly 2 years. Samples were either exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV)-radiation (λ > 110 nm or λ > 200 nm, cosmic radiation (dosage range 225–320 mGy), or kept in darkness shielded from solar UV-radiation. Half of each of the UV-radiation exposed samples and dark samples were exposed to space vacuum and half kept at 105pascals in argon. Duplicate samples were kept in the laboratory to serve as unexposed controls. Ground simulation control experiments were also performed. After retrieval, organism viability was tested using Molecular Probes Live–Dead Bac-Lite stain and by their reproduction capability. Samples kept in the dark, but exposed to space vacuum had a 90 ± 5% survival rate compared to the ground controls. Samples exposed to full UV-radiation for over a year were bleached and although results from Molecular Probes Live–Dead stain suggested ~10% survival, the data indicate that no survival was detected using cell growth and division using the most probable number method. Those samples exposed to attenuated UV-radiation exhibited limited survival. Results from of this study are relevant to understanding adaptation and evolution of life, the future of life beyond earth, the potential for interplanetary transfer of viable microbes via meteorites and dust particles as well as spacecraft, and the physiology of halophiles.

scholarly journals Pneumatic transport of bulk materials in construction of composite floating docks

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
A.S. Rashkovskyi ◽  
A.V. Shchedrolosiev ◽  
V.M. Neiman ◽  
O.Y. Kanash
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pneumatic Transport ◽  
Pipe Diameter ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Theoretical Results

Investigations of pneumatic transport of bulk materials used in shipbuilding have carried out. Their abrasiveness, wear of straight and curved sections of pipelines were investigated. Theoretically, the dependences of the amount of wear on various factors were defined: abrasiveness and concentration of transported particles, flow rate, pipe diameter and wear resistance of its material, structural and operational features of the transport system, etc. Formulas for determining the maximum useful life of straight and curved sections of pipelines are obtained. Theoretical results confirmed experimentally.

scholarly journals Mid and Near-Infrared Reflection Spectral Database of Natural Organic Materials in the Cultural Heritage Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Invernizzi ◽  
Tommaso Rovetta ◽  
Maurizio Licchelli ◽  
Marco Malagodi
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Reflection Mode ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Infrared Reflection ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Spectral Database

This study presents mid and near-infrared (7500-375 cm−1) total reflection mode spectra of several natural organic materials used in artworks as binding media, consolidants, adhesives, or protective coatings. A novel approach to describe and interpret reflectance bands as well as calculated absorbance after Kramers-Kronig transformation (KKT) is proposed. Transflection mode spectra have represented a valuable support both to study the distorted reflectance bands and to validate the applicability and usefulness of the KK correction. The aim of this paper is to make available to scientists and conservators a comprehensive infrared reflection spectral database, together with its detailed interpretation, as a tool for the noninvasive identification of proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and resins by means of portable noncontact FTIR spectrometers.

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