Soft Solution Processing: A Strategy for One-Step Processing of Advanced Inorganic Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Yoshimura ◽  
Wojciech L. Suchanek ◽  
Kullaiah Byrappa
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Solution Processing ◽  
The Earth ◽  
One Step ◽  
High Expenditure

The term “materials cycle” is generally used to describe the synthesis of substances from raw materials (sometimes including the synthesis of manufactured raw materials), the fabrication of shaped materials, their use, and their eventual disposal. It is well known that all materials are extracted from the earth, then are converted to functional products through various fabrication processes, usually involving a high expenditure of energy, which in turn contributes to environmental problems such as global warming.

Importance of soft solution processing for advanced inorganic materials

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Solution Processing ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
The Earth ◽  
One Step ◽  
Important Processing

Based upon the analysis of materials cycling and processing on the earth, a thermodynamic concept for energetical and environmental problems has been proposed. It concludes that solution processing using aqueous solutions should be the most important processing even for advanced materials. According to this concept, energetical and environmental features of soft solution processing (SSP) are discussed in general, using also some particular examples, such as BaTiO3. Applications of the SSP are shown with special emphasis on hydrothermal and/or electrochemical synthesis of thin films and integration issues. Soft solution processing allows one to fabricate in aqueous solutions shaped/sized/oriented ceramics in only one step, without excess energies for firing/sintering or melting and without expensive equipment, providing an environmentally friendly route for the preparation of advanced ceramic materials.

Global Warming and Its Multiple Causes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romdhane Ben Slama
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Heat Released ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

The global warming which preoccupies humanity, is still considered to be linked to a single cause which is the emission of greenhouse gases, CO2 in particular. In this article, we try to show that, on the one hand, the greenhouse effect (the radiative imprisonment to use the scientific term) took place in conjunction with the infrared radiation emitted by the earth. The surplus of CO2 due to the combustion of fossil fuels, but also the surplus of infrared emissions from artificialized soils contribute together or each separately,  to the imbalance of the natural greenhouse effect and the trend of global warming. In addition, another actor acting directly and instantaneously on the warming of the ambient air is the heat released by fossil fuels estimated at 17415.1010 kWh / year inducing a rise in temperature of 0.122 ° C, or 12.2 ° C / century.

GREEN BONDS AS A NEW FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
M. V. DUBROVA ◽  
◽  
N. N. ZHILINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Non Profit Organizations

The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that in Russia there is no effective mechanism of state support for the activities of non-profit organizations in the field of “green Finance”. The role of non-profit organizations is leveled, which can become a serious help in solving economic problems, in particular, the problems of recycling and processing of secondary raw materials, the placement of industrial waste and household garbage, and landscaping of large megacities. The main financial burden in the field of “green economy” falls on States and large enterprises. Meanwhile, we cannot ignore the important role of non-profit organizations that can not only draw attention to environmental problems to the public, but also offer their own measures to solve environmental problems. In this regard, it becomes relevant to consider the participation of non-profit organizations in the implementation of environmental projects by attracting “green Finance”.

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN BONDS» IN THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
M. V. DUBROVA ◽  
◽  
N. N. ZHILINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Non Profit Organizations

he relevance of the article is determined by the fact that in Russia there is no effective mechanism of state support for the activities of non-profit organizations in the field of «green Finance». The role of non-profit organizations is leveled, which can become a serious help in solving economic problems, in particular, the problems of recycling and processing of secondary raw materials, the placement of industrial waste and household garbage, and landscaping of large megacities. The main financial burden in the field of «green economy» falls on States and large enterprises. Meanwhile, we cannot ignore the important role of non-profit organizations that can not only draw attention to environmental problems to the public, but also offer their own measures to solve environmental problems. In this regard, it becomes relevant to consider the participation of non-profit organizations in the implementation of environmental projects by attracting «green Finance».

scholarly journals The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Mihaela Girtan ◽  
Antje Wittenberg ◽  
Maria Luisa Grilli ◽  
Daniel P. S. de Oliveira ◽  
Chiara Giosuè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding whether future solutions to replace certain elements or materials for specific technical applications are realistic. On the other hand, finding solutions to the critical availability of some of these elements is an urgent need. Even the analysis of the availability of scarce minerals from European Union sources leads to the suggestion that a wide-ranging approach is essential. These two fundamental assumptions represent also the logical approach that led the European Commission to ask for a multi-disciplinary effort from the scientific community to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials. This editorial is also the story of one of the first fulcrum around which a wide network of material scientists gathered thanks to the support of the funding organization for research and innovation networks, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

scholarly journals Global Warming Potential of a New Waterjet-Based Recycling Process for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Leonard Kurz ◽  
Mojtaba Faryadras ◽  
Ines Klugius ◽  
Frederik Reichert ◽  
Andreas Scheibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Increasing Demand

Due to the increasing demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the need for vehicle battery raw materials is increasing. The traction battery (TB) of an electric vehicle, usually a lithium-ion battery (LIB), represents the largest share of a BEV’s CO2 footprint. To reduce this carbon footprint sustainably and to keep the raw materials within a closed loop economy, suitable and efficient recycling processes are essential. In this life cycle assessment (LCA), the ecological performance of a waterjet-based direct recycling process with minimal use of resources and energy is evaluated; only the recycling process is considered, waste treatment and credits for by-products are not part of the analysis. Primary data from a performing recycling company were mainly used for the modelling. The study concludes that the recycling of 1 kg of TB is associated with a global warming potential (GWP) of 158 g CO2 equivalents (CO2e). Mechanical removal using a water jet was identified as the main driver of the recycling process, followed by an air purification system. Compared to conventional hydro- or pyrometallurgical processes, this waterjet-based recycling process could be attributed an 8 to 26 times lower GWP. With 10% and 20% reuse of recyclate in new cells, the GWP of TBs could be reduced by 4% and 8%, respectively. It has been shown that this recycling approach can be classified as environmentally friendly.

Steam Ejector Used as a Substitute for Cooling Tower in the Ethanol Production Process

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antonio Negro Martin Lopez ◽  
Daniel Kao Sun Ting ◽  
Alfredo Jose´ Alvim de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Steam Ejector ◽  
Sugar Cane Juice

Nowadays petroleum dependency in transportation is widely discussed all over the world. Atmospheric pollution and global warming are deleterious consequences of gasoline consumption. Ethanol is a natural substitute fuel that has been increasingly used. One of the most important raw materials used for ethanol production is the sugar cane. The exothermic fermentation reaction of the sugar cane juice in the ethanol production process requires a rigorous temperature control. This control is usually made by using cooling water from cooling towers. The heat released from cooling towers not only has an economical cost as well as it contributes to the global heating. Steam ejectors can substitute cooling towers thus improving the ethanol production plant efficiency and reducing world heating. Furthermore, steam ejectors are smaller, cheaper and are very simple equipment when compared with cooling towers. Furthermore, its use provides an improved thermal efficiency of the production plant resulting in the reduction of the global warming effects. In this work the use of steam ejector is proposed for the fermentation cooling of a typical Brazilian sugar and ethanol production plant. The steam which feeds the steam ejector is obtained from the plant utilities and the low temperature obtained from steam expansion within the ejector is used for sugar cane fermentation process cooling. The steam ejector discharge heat is recovered as it is used to sugar and ethanol production process heating. The sugar and ethanol production plant overall energy fluxes either using cooling towers as well as using steam ejectors are presented and the results are compared and discussed.

scholarly journals Collateral transgression of planetary boundaries due to climate engineering by terrestrial carbon dioxide removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Heck ◽  
Jonathan F. Donges ◽  
Wolfgang Lucht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Removal ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Planetary Boundaries ◽  
Climate Engineering ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon

Abstract. The planetary boundaries framework provides guidelines for defining thresholds in environmental variables. Their transgression is likely to result in a shift in Earth system functioning away from the relatively stable Holocene state. As the climate system is approaching critical thresholds of atmospheric carbon, several climate engineering methods are discussed, aiming at a reduction of atmospheric carbon concentrations to control the Earth's energy balance. Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) via afforestation or bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage are part of most climate change mitigation scenarios that limit global warming to less than 2 °C. We analyse the co-evolutionary interaction of societal interventions via tCDR and the natural dynamics of the Earth's carbon cycle. Applying a conceptual modelling framework, we analyse how the degree of anticipation of the climate problem and the intensity of tCDR efforts with the aim of staying within a "safe" level of global warming might influence the state of the Earth system with respect to other carbon-related planetary boundaries. Within the scope of our approach, we show that societal management of atmospheric carbon via tCDR can lead to a collateral transgression of the planetary boundary of land system change. Our analysis indicates that the opportunities to remain in a desirable region within carbon-related planetary boundaries only exist for a small range of anticipation levels and depend critically on the underlying emission pathway. While tCDR has the potential to ensure the Earth system's persistence within a carbon-safe operating space under low-emission pathways, it is unlikely to succeed in a business-as-usual scenario.

scholarly journals Open problems in traceability: from raw materials to finished food products

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Comba ◽  
Fabrizio Dabbene ◽  
Paolo Gay ◽  
Cristina Tortia
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Recalls ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Food Traceability ◽  
Clear Sign ◽  
One Step ◽  
Risk Notification ◽  
Production Period ◽  
The Impact

Even though the main EU regulations concerning food traceability have already entered to force since many years, we still remark very wide and impacting product recalls, which often involve simultaneously large territories and many countries. This is a clear sign that current traceability procedures and systems, when implemented with the only aim of respecting mandatory policies, are not effective, and that there are some aspects that are at present underestimated, and therefore should be attentively reconsidered. In particular, the sole adoption of the so-called “one step back-one step forward traceability” to comply the EC Regulation 178/2002, where every actor in the chain handles merely the data coming from his supplier and those sent to his client, is in fact not sufficient to control and to limit the impact of a recall action after a risk notification. Recent studies on lots dispersion and routing demonstrate that each stakeholder has to plan his activities (production, transformation or distribution) according to specific criteria that allow pre-emptively estimating and limiting the range action of a possible recall. Moreover, these new and very recently proposed techniques still present some limits; first of all the problem of traceability of bulk products (e.g. liquids, powders, grains, crystals) during production phases that involve mixing operations of several lots of different/same materials. In fact, current traceability practices are in most cases unable to deal efficiently with this kind of products, and, in order to compensate the lack of knowledge about lot composition, typically resort to the adoption of very large lots, based for instance on a considered production period. Aim of this paper is to present recent advances in the design of supply chain traceability systems, discussing problems that are still open and are nowadays subject of research.

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