Novel approaches for controlling stage structure of metal chloride–graphite intercalation compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 3190-3192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shioyama ◽  
M. B. H. M. Saman ◽  
A. Sanpanich
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Stage Structure ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Structure Of Metal ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Stage 1

Intercalation of EuCl3 TbCl3, and AlCl3 into graphite was carried out in the presence of chlorine. The observation of products by x-ray diffraction showed that the extent of chloride intercalation could be controlled through adjustment of the pressure of chlorine; increasing pressure tended to increase the extent of intercalation. In the case of EuCl3, the extent of intercalation varied to show a stage transition. In contrast, TbCl3 intercalation gave a mixture of stage 2 or stage 4 graphite intercalation compound (GIC) and remaining graphite, where the extent of intercalation is revealed by the ratio of GIC to graphite. With respect to AlCl3 intercalation, although the preparation of stage 1, 2, and 4 GICs was successful, stage 3 and 5 GICs could not be obtained.

Preparation of stages 2–4 ternary AlCl3–FeCl3-graphite intercalation compounds

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1196-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Abe ◽  
Yasuo Mizutani ◽  
Mitsuru Asano ◽  
Toshio Harada
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Intercalation Compounds ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Vapor Species ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

Intercalation of AlCl3 into stage 2 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound (GIC) using an ordinary two-bulb method has been studied by x-ray diffraction. Stages 2, 3, and 4 ternary AlCl3-FeCl3-GlC's are obtained when the temperatures of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC were set at T (GIC) = 503, 523, and 553 K, respectively, for the AlCl3 intercalate material at T (AlCl3) = 473 K, that is, the vapor pressure of (AlCl3)2 (g) of the main vapor species to be held at p {(AlCl3)2} = 2.4 × 105 Pa. However, for the temperature of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC at T (GIC) = 573 K, the (AlCl3)2 (g) vapor is found to promote the decomposition of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC, resulting in the formation of graphite. The decomposition of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC is considered to take place because the complex AlFeCl6 (g) in the gas phase, which is formed from both (AlCl3)2 (g) and FeCl3 existing at the edge of the FeCl3-GIC, is thermodynamically more stable than the FeCl3 and AlCl3 intercalates in their GIC at p {(AlCl3)2} = 2.4 × 105 Pa and T (GIC) = 573 K.

Structural Evolution of Natural Flake Graphite during Intercalation and Exfoliation

2014 ◽  
Vol 552 ◽  
pp. 328-330
Author(s):  
Zhi Guo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Flake Graphite ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Natural Graphite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

In order to investigate the structural evolution of natural flake graphite during intercalation and exfoliation, natural graphite flakes were treated by intercalating, water-washing, drying and expanding. The corresponding products, graphite intercalation compound (GIC), residue GIC (expandable graphite) and expanded graphite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results can provide reference for the research in this field.

scholarly journals Influence of different oxidation mechanisms on the exfoliation of intercalated graphite bisulfate using two types of graphite

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Armando Espinosa Martinez ◽  
Miguel Sanchez Junior ◽  
Augusto Nobre Golçalves ◽  
Roxana Maria Martinez Orrego ◽  
Odila Florêncio
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Powder Form ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Oxidation Mechanisms ◽  
Graphite Bisulfate

ABSTRACT Three different processes for the synthetization of exfoliated graphite intercalation compound have been tested in two different type of graphite, one in powder form and the other one as flakes. Each graphite was oxidized applying the same experimental conditions (sonification, neutralization, filtering and drying) but using three different auxiliary oxidizers (H2O2, HNO3 and KClO3) previously mixed with H2SO4. The resulting synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Raman spectra analysis of the oxidized samples correspond to that of a graphene of few layers. Stronger delamination and exfoliation were observed in the samples of graphite, originally in powder form, treated with H2SO4/HNO3.

X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies of FeCl3–SbCl5-graphite bi-intercalation compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3039-3044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Abe ◽  
Yasukazu Yokota ◽  
Yasuo Mizutani ◽  
Mitsuru Asano ◽  
Toshio Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Raman Spectrum ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Two Peaks

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the study of the bi-intercalation of SbCl5 into a stage 5 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound (GIC). The stage 5 FeCl3-GIC is prepared by an ordinary two-bulb method with the temperature of graphite at 788 K and that of FeCl3 at 573 K. The FeCl3-SbCl5-graphite bi-intercalation compound (GBC) with one SbCl5 layer is obtained when the temperature of the stage 5 FeCl3-GIC is held at 443 K and the temperature of SbCl5 at 373 K in the two-zone system. The stacking sequence of the GBC is found to be an admixture of G(FeCl3)GG(SbCl5)GGG(FeCl3)G and G(FeCl3)GGG(SbCl5)GG(FeCl3)G by XRD, where G, (FeCl3), and (SbCl5) are the graphite, FeCl3, and SbCl5 layers, respectively. The Raman spectrum of the GBC shows two peaks associated with the and modes at 1588 cm−1 and 1610 cm−1, respectively. For the temperatures of stage 5 FeCl3-GIC at 443 K and SbCl5 at 403 K in the two-zone system, the FeCl3-SbCl5-GBC with two SbCl5 layers is obtained. The stacking sequence of the GBC is determined to be an admixture of G(FeCl3)GG(SbCl5)GG(SbCl5)G(FeCl3)G and G(FeCl3)G(SbCl5)GG(SbCl5)GG(FeCl3)G In the Raman spectrum of this GBC, two peaks associated with the mode are observed at 1616 and 1624 cm−1.

scholarly journals An operando X-ray diffraction study of chloroaluminate anion-graphite intercalation in aluminum batteries

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (22) ◽  
pp. 5670-5675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Jern Pan ◽  
Chunze Yuan ◽  
Guanzhou Zhu ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Chen-Jui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Negative Electrode ◽  
Discharge Voltage ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Battery Discharge

We investigated rechargeable aluminum (Al) batteries composed of an Al negative electrode, a graphite positive electrode, and an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte at temperatures down to −40 °C. The reversible battery discharge capacity at low temperatures could be superior to that at room temperature. In situ/operando electrochemical and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments combined with theoretical modeling revealed stable AlCl4−/graphite intercalation up to stage 3 at low temperatures, whereas intercalation was reversible up to stage 4 at room temperature (RT). The higher-degree anion/graphite intercalation at low temperatures affords rechargeable Al battery with higher discharge voltage (up to 2.5 V, a record for Al battery) and energy density. A remarkable cycle life of >20,000 cycles at a rate of 6C (10 minutes charge time) was achievable for Al battery operating at low temperatures, corresponding to a >50-year battery life if charged/discharged once daily.

X-ray investigation of highly saturated Li-graphite intercalation compound

Carbon ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Nalimova ◽  
D. Guérard ◽  
M. Lelaurain ◽  
O.V. Fateev
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

Graphite Intercalation Compounds with Trimethyltin Chloride

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schlögl ◽  
Hanns-Peter Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Intercalation Compounds ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Anionic Species ◽  
Trimethyltin Chloride ◽  
Stage 1

AbstractIntercalation compounds of graphite with Sn(CH3)3Cl have been prepared by UV irradiation, in the presence of graphite, of solutions of Sn(CH3)3Cl, Sn(CH3)4, or of Sn(CH3)4 + SnCl4 in CCl4. Mixtures of stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 compounds have been obtained. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction, 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy, and by chemical analysis. Apparently an oligomeric, anionic species is intercalated together with some solvent.

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