Synthesis and characterization of clay nanocomposites based on starch

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (59-60) ◽  
pp. 3243-3249
Author(s):  
Verónica Rosendo-González ◽  
Javier Illescas ◽  
María del Carmen Díaz-Nava ◽  
Yolanda Alvarado-Pérez ◽  
José Juan García-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sodium Trimetaphosphate ◽  
Exchange Cations ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Crosslinking Agents

ABSTRACTIn this work, the synthesis of starch-clay nanocomposites was carried out. For this purpose, natural starch was extracted from rice grains and it was characterized by structural and spectrophotometric techniques. Afterwards, it was used as the polymer matrix for the synthesis of nanocomposites crosslinked with different agents: glycerol, citric acid (CA) and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). As a reinforcement phase, a natural Mexican clay from the Montmorillonite-type (Mt), was employed, which was modified with a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br), in order to exchange cations, present in the interlaminar spaces of the raw clay mineral with those of the cationic surfactant; thus, changing its nature from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Characterization, of both natural and organo-modified clays, was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to determine the change in morphology between these two minerals; X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), to obtain the crystalline structure of the organo-modified clay and that of the raw clay mineral (Mt). Also, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to determine materials spectra, and their thermal stability was evaluated by means of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). On the other hand, the synthesis of these nanocomposites was performed using different crosslinking agents, glycerol, CA or STMP, in order to identify the effect of them into the final properties of these materials.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Preparation and Characterization of Ionic Liquild Modified Clay and its Application in Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 1588-1592
Author(s):  
Li Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Modified Clay ◽  
Solution Blending ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Poly Propylene

Clay was organically modified with one kind of ionic liquild. Organical clay obtained was used to prepare poly(propylene) (PP)/clay nanocomposites by solution blending. Flourier transform infrared (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the ionic liquild was loaded in the galleries of organically modified clay. TGA result show the thermal stability of organically modified clay was superior to clay. XRD patterns indicated that the d-spacing of clay layers increased to 2.96 nm from 1.22 nm of clay. XRD patterns of PP/clay nanocomposites show that clay layers were dispersed in PP matrix by nanometer size.

Preparation and Characterization of Tubular Composite Membranes and their Application in Water Flow Measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 912 ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Rochélia Silva Souza Cunha ◽  
Joseane Damasceno Mota ◽  
Mariaugusta Ferreira Mota ◽  
Meiry Gláucia Freire Rodrigues ◽  
Fabricio Machado
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

The latest technologies require materials with combination of properties that are not usually found in conventional materials. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials emerge as alternatives to the synthesis of low cost new functional materials. The constituent polymer-clay nanocomposites are intended effectively for the treatment of oily effluents. The removal of oily effluents was evaluated using composite membranes with different nanocomposite percentages, consisting of a mineral clay BrasgelTM smaller than 2 μm and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The sample of clay was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), while the membranes by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The produced composite membranes efficiencies were evaluated by continuous flow for 1 hour. The results clearly confirmed that membranes incorporated with a higher percentage of nanocomposites achieved greater stability and less time as assessed in water flow.

The Preparation and Characterization of a Novolac Cured Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites

2006 ◽  
Vol 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung-Yen Tsai ◽  
Shau-Tai Lu ◽  
Chih-Hung Li ◽  
Chin-Jei Huang ◽  
Li-Chun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Layered Silicates ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

ABSTRACTIntercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites were composed by the novolac cured epoxy and one of three different kinds of layered silicates, such as montmorillonite (PK-802), saponite (Semecton-SA) and nontronite (PK-805). The bi-functional modifiers (PI/BEN or MI/BEN) with different ratio, which contained one of the promoters (2-phenylimidazole, PI and 2-methylimidazole, MI) of epoxy and benzalkonium chloride (BEN), were intercalated into the gallery regions of pure clays at the same time and followed by a crosslinking reaction. The properties of novolac cured epoxy/clay nanocomposites were characterized by wild-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXRD), thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), coefficiency of thermal expansion (TMA), mechanical properties (DMA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the measurement, these novolac cured epoxy-clay nanocomposites have shown the significant improvement in the thermal, mechanical and barrier properties.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Single-Crystalline SnO2Nanowires

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezhou Wei ◽  
Yanbai Shen ◽  
Mingyang Li ◽  
Wengang Liu ◽  
Shuling Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanowires were synthesized on oxidized silicon substrates by thermal evaporation of tin grains at 900°C in Ar flow at ambient pressure. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy shows that SnO2nanowires have a single crystal tetragonal structure. Scanning electron microscopy observation demonstrates that SnO2nanowires are 30–200 nm in diameter and several tens of micrometers in length. The surface vibration mode resulting from the nanosize effect at 565.1 cm−1was found from the Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The formation of SnO2nanowires follows a vapour-solid (VS) growth mechanism. The gas sensing measurements indicate that SnO2nanowire gas sensor obtains peak sensitivity at a low operating temperature of 150°C and shows reversible response to H2gas (100–1000 ppm) at an operating temperature of RT-300°C.

Synthesis and characterization of a silylated Brazilian clay mineral surface

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Silva ◽  
Saloana Gomes ◽  
Maria Fonseca ◽  
Kaline Sousa ◽  
José Espínola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Solid State Nmr ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Trimethoxy Silane

AbstractClay mineral containing kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite was organofunctionalized with silylating agents: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-silane, to yield three hybrids labelled Clay1, Clay2 and Clay3, respectively. These solids were characterized using elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron micrograph, and 29Si and 27Al solid state NMR. Immobilized quantities of the organic groups were 0.66 mmol g−1, 0.48 mmol g−1 and 0.88 mmol g−1 for Clayx (x = 1–3), respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the immobilization of silanes onto the surface without changes in the textural properties of the clay mineral as noted from the SEM images. Spectroscopic measurements were in agreement with the covalent bonding between the silanes and the hydroxyl groups deposited on the surface. The new hybrids were utilized as adsorbents of cobalt in aqueous solution, with retention values of 0.78 mmol g−1, 1.1 mmol g−1 and 0.70 mmol g−1 for Clayx (x = 1–3), respectively.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFOBORATE GLASSES CONTAINING MAGNESIUM OXIDE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-11) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Dalhatu ◽  
R. Hussin ◽  
Karim Deraman
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Amorphous Nature ◽  
Quenching Method ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Glass Compositions

Magnesium sulfoborate glasses of different compositions were prepared using melt quenching method with the purpose of using it for optical properties. The Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) have been carried out. Density and molar volume have been evaluated and analysed. From the results of XRD, the absent of discrete and continuous sharp peaks confirmed the amorphous nature of the glass compositions while the results from both FTIR and NMR revealed the existence of BO3, BO4 units. Addition of MgO to sulfoborate influenced the conversion of the dominant BO3 groups to BO4 groups. The BO4 groups are known for creating complex defects that transform into that stable trap good for optical phenomena. It was observed that the density of glass increases while the molar volume is decreases with respect to increase in concentration of alkaline earth oxide in the glass compositions.

Preparation of Magnetite-Mg/Al Hydrotalcite through Hydrothermal Process and Subsequent Calcination

2015 ◽  
Vol 1101 ◽  
pp. 336-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triastuti Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Sri Juari Santosa ◽  
Dwi Siswanta ◽  
Bambang Rusdiarso
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Subsequent Calcination ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Fe3O4/Mg-Al-NO3-hydrotalcite composite compounds have been synthesized by hydrothermal process followed by calcination to learn the differences in physical and chemical properties of each compound. Hydrothermal was performed at a temperature of 120 °C for 5 h and calcinations was at 450 °C for 3 hours. Characterization of the composite compounds was conducted using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The characterization results showed that crystallinity, surface area and magnetic properties of hydrothermally treated Mg/Al hydrotalcite-magnetite were higher than those unhydrothermal and calcination products.

Preparation and characterization of 1,2,4,5-benzenetetra carboxylic-chitosan

e-Polymers ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad ◽  
Hazizan Md Akil
Keyword(s):  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Crystalline Nature ◽  
The Fourier Transform

AbstractChemically cross-linked chitosan (MC) containing 1,2,4,5- benzenetetracarboxylic acid (BCA) as the cross-linking agent was prepared to improve the metal ions absorption capacity of native chitosan (NC) and limit its biodegradability. The Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and proton neutron magnetic resonance (1H NMR) results showed that BCA was successfully linked onto N-position of NC. The crystalline nature of NC was reduced significantly after cross-linking as examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Therefore, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of MC was higher than NC as reported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis showed that, MC had better thermal stability than NC. Morphology changes on the surface of NC and MC were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and showed that MC had more porous surface than NC. In pH medium of 3 to 6, MC had excellent Cu (II) ions absorption capacity with a maximum 16 % higher than NC.

PREPARATION AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE Zn–Cu–Cr FERRITES WITH Gd SUBSTITUTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (27) ◽  
pp. 5409-5416 ◽  
Author(s):  
JING JIANG ◽  
CHAOCHAO CHEN ◽  
LUNHONG AI
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Spinel Structure ◽  
Remanent Magnetization ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magnetic Parameters ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Nanocrystalline spinel Zn – Cu – Cr ferrites with Gd substitution were prepared by a rheological phase reaction method. By means of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, Raman spectra, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the cubic spinel structure of samples had been confirmed. The magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercivity can be tailored by controlling the content of substituting Gd ions.

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