Evaluating the Extender Characteristics of Some Local Materials in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria for Applications in the Paints Industry

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (43) ◽  
pp. 2355-2365
Author(s):  
Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe ◽  
Reginald Umunakwe ◽  
Victor Adeola Popoola ◽  
Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe ◽  
Akinlabi Oyetunji
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ondo State

ABSTRACTSoil samples were obtained from three different locations; Ijapo, Ibule and FUTA North Gate in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The materials were dried, crushed and calcined by heating the samples in a muffle furnace to 850 °C, holding for three hours and and then brought out of the furnace to cool in the laboratory so that the organic and volatile matter escaped, and the oxide content increased. The calcined materials were milled with a ball mill and then sieved with 75 µm mesh size British standard sieves. The samples that passed through the sieves were collected for analysis to determine their extender characteristics through x-ray flouresence (XRF) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific gravity, oil absorption, pH and refractive index measurements as well as the determination of their resistance to chemicals. XRF results showed that materials are kaolinite in nature. XRD results showed the phase compositions of each sample as materials suitable for applications as extenders in the paints industry. SEM micrographs showed the homogeneity of the samples from Ijapo and FUTA North Gate while the sample from Ibule showed segregation of the phase compositions. The specific gravity, pH, oil absorption and refractive index of each material were within the range of those of commercial extenders used in the paints industry. The calcined materials were found to be resistant to various chemical media. The characterized materials will be suitable as extenders and pigments in the paints industry.

Kingite, a new hydrated aluminium phosphate mineral from Robertstown, South Australia

1957 ◽  
Vol 31 (236) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Norrish ◽  
Lillian E. R. Rogers ◽  
R. E. Shapter
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
South Australia ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aluminium Phosphate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phosphate Mineral ◽  
Hydrated Aluminium

SummaryA new hydrated aluminium phosphate mineral, kingite, from phosphate workings near Robertstown, South Australia, has an idealized formula Al2O3.Al(OH)3.P2O5.9H2O, with some replacement of OH by F. The specific gravity is 2·2 to 2·3, refractive index 1·514, and percentage chemical composition Al2O3 31·92, P2O5 28·63, H2O 37·93. The three strongest lines on the X-ray diffraction pattern are 9·1, 3·45, and 3·48 Å. Kingite changes to a less hydrated phase between 154° C. and 163° C., which is also considered to be a new aluminium phosphate (meta-kingite) with idealized formula Al2O3.Al(OH)3.P2O5.4H2O. The strongest lines of its X-ray diffraction pattern are at 7·4, 5·02, and 37·19 Å.

scholarly journals Effect of Erbium Nanoparticles on Optical Properties of Zinc Borotellurite Glass System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azlan Muhammad Noorazlan ◽  
Halimah Mohamed Kamari ◽  
Siti Shafinas Zulkefly ◽  
Daud W. Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Urbach Energy ◽  
Fundamental Absorption Edge ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectra ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Melt Quenching ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bonding Parameters

Erbium nanoparticles (NPs) doped zinc borotellurite glasses have been prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique with the chemical composition{[(TeO2)0.70(B2O3)0.30]1-x(ZnO)x}1-y(Er3O2)y(wherey=0.005,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05). The structural properties of the prepared glasses were determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and FTIR analysis. It was confirmed that the prepared glasses are amorphous. The bonding parameters of the glasses were analyzed by using FTIR analysis and were confirmed to be ionic in nature. The refractive index increases as the content of erbium NPs increases. The optical absorption spectra revealed that fundamental absorption edge shifts to longer wavelength as the content of erbium NPs increases. The value of band gap had been calculated and shown to be decreased with an increase content of erbium NPs. The Urbach energy was shown to be linearly increased with an increase content of erbium NPs oxides.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis of Synthetic Waste during Combustion Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Sukarni Sukarni ◽  
Lukman Arifianto Andi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

The availability of synthetic waste (SW) continuously increases, but on the contrary fossil fuels resources always decrease. The potential of SW for alternative fuel is critical to investigate for overcoming the problem generated from its overabundance and to provide its value-added. In this study, the changes of the macromolecular and the mineralogical during the SW combustion processes were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The combustion has been performed by using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, from 25 to 1000 °C, with 100 ml/min constant flowrate of air atmosphere. According to the TGA results, the decomposition stage of the sample can be identified as a function of temperature and time. From ambient temperatures to 293 °C the sample experienced the first decomposition process that was correlated with the moisture losses and light volatile release. Macromolecular changes occurred at the temperature 293 °C where functional group of C–H in methylene was decomposed due to the removal of volatile matter. From the temperature of 293 to 485 °C the sample underwent the second stage of decomposition. The XRD result showed that mineral changes occurred at the temperature of 485 °C where the KCl compound was formed. In line with the escalating temperature, SiO2 was decomposed at a temperature of 590 °C. The final stage occurred at the temperature 625 to 1000 °C indicated by constant of TG line. At 625 °C, XRD result indicated the significant increasing of the CaCO3 compound.

Identification of acid-insoluble filter-plugging compounds and optimal acid-washing procedures for tubular backpulse pressure filters

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
KEVIN TAYLOR ◽  
RICH ADDERLY ◽  
GAVIN BAXTER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Sulfamic Acid ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gypsum Formation ◽  
Acid Washing ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Over time, performance of tubular backpulse pressure filters in kraft mills deteriorates, even with regular acid washing. Unscheduled filter replacement due to filter plugging results in significant costs and may result in mill downtime. We identified acid-insoluble filter-plugging materials by scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis in both polypropylene and Gore-Tex™ membrane filter socks. The major filter-plugging components were calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium phosphate (hydroxylapatite), aluminosilicate clays, metal sulfides, and carbon. We carried out detailed sample analysis of both the standard acid-washing procedure and a modified procedure. Filter plugging by gypsum and metal sulfides appeared to occur because of the acid-washing procedure. Gypsum formation on the filter resulted from significant hydrolysis of sulfamic acid solution at temperatures greater than 130°F. Modification of the acid-washing procedure greatly reduced the amount of gypsum and addition of a surfactant to the acid reduced wash time and mobilized some of the carbon from the filter. With surfactant, acid washing was 95% complete after 40 min.

A study on using expanded perlite with hydroxyapatite: Reinforced bio-composites

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192199656
Author(s):  
Erdoğan Karip ◽  
Mehtap Muratoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Cold Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Expanded Perlite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Ft Ir

People are exposed to different kinds of diseases or various accidents in life. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely employed for bone treatment applications. In this study, HA was extracted from sheep bones. Bio-composites were doped with 1, 5, and 10 wt.% of expanded perlite and 5 wt.% of ZrO2–MgO-P2O5. The bio-composites were prepared by the cold isostatic pressing method (250 MPa) and sintered at 900°C for 1 h. In order to evaluate the characteristics of the bio-composites, microhardness, density, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were carried out on them. Additionally, the specimens whose characteristics were determined were kept in synthetic body fluid (SBF), and their in vitro behavior was examined. As a result, it was observed that microhardness increased as both the weight and the grain size of the expanded perlite were increased. Calcium silicate, tri-calcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite were observed in the XRD analysis of all samples, and the formation of apatite structures was increased by addition of ZrO2–MgO–P2O5.

scholarly journals An Insight into Chemistry and Structure of Colloidal 2D-WS2 Nanoflakes: Combined XPS and XRD Study

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1969
Author(s):  
Riccardo Scarfiello ◽  
Elisabetta Mazzotta ◽  
Davide Altamura ◽  
Concetta Nobile ◽  
Rosanna Mastria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Crystal Habit ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Rational Understanding ◽  
Structural Inspection

The surface and structural characterization techniques of three atom-thick bi-dimensional 2D-WS2 colloidal nanocrystals cross the limit of bulk investigation, offering the possibility of simultaneous phase identification, structural-to-morphological evaluation, and surface chemical description. In the present study, we report a rational understanding based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and structural inspection of two kinds of dimensionally controllable 2D-WS2 colloidal nanoflakes (NFLs) generated with a surfactant assisted non-hydrolytic route. The qualitative and quantitative determination of 1T’ and 2H phases based on W 4f XPS signal components, together with the presence of two kinds of sulfur ions, S22− and S2−, based on S 2p signal and related to the formation of WS2 and WOxSy in a mixed oxygen-sulfur environment, are carefully reported and discussed for both nanocrystals breeds. The XPS results are used as an input for detailed X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis allowing for a clear discrimination of NFLs crystal habit, and an estimation of the exact number of atomic monolayers composing the 2D-WS2 nanocrystalline samples.

scholarly journals Effect of Molybdenum Content on the Corrosion and Microstructure of Low-Ni, Co-Free Maraging Steels

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Asiful H. Seikh ◽  
Hossam Halfa ◽  
Mahmoud S. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Alloying Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Maraging Steels ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Electroslag Refining

Molybdenum (Mo) is an important alloying element in maraging steels. In this study, we altered the Mo concentration during the production of four cobalt-free maraging steels using an electroslag refining process. The microstructure of the four forged maraging steels was evaluated to examine phase contents by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, we assessed the corrosion resistance of the newly developed alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution and 1 M H2SO4 solution through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Furthermore, we performed SEM and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis after corrosion to assess changes in microstructure and Raman spectroscopy to identify the presence of phases on the electrode surface. The microstructural analysis shows that the formation of retained austenite increases with increasing Mo concentrations. It is found from corrosion study that increasing Mo concentration up to 4.6% increased the corrosion resistance of the steel. However, further increase in Mo concentration reduces the corrosion resistance.

Characterization and A Preliminary Study of TiO2 Synthesis from Lampung Iron Sand

2020 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽  
Slamet Sumardi ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Athessia N. Nainggolan ◽  
Ajeng W. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaching Solution ◽  
Ti Content

The purpose of this study is to characterize Lampung iron sand and to conduct preliminary experiments on the TiO2 synthesis which can be used for the manufacturing of functional food packaging. The iron sand from South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province that will be utilized as raw material. The experiment was initiated by sieving the iron sand on 80, 100, 150, 200 and 325 mesh sieves. Analysis using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the element content and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the mineralization of the iron sand was conducted. The experiment was carried out through the stages of leaching, precipitation, and calcination. Roasting was applied firstly by putting the iron sand into the muffle furnace for 5 hours at a temperature of 700°C. Followed by leaching using HCl for 48 hours and heated at 105°C with a stirring speed of 300 rpm. The leaching solution was filtered with filtrate and solid residue as products. The solid residue was then leached using 10% H2O2 solution. The leached filtrate was heated at 105°C for 40 minutes resulting TiO2 precipitates (powder). Further, the powder was calcined and characterized. Characterization of raw material using XRF shows the major elements of Fe, Ti, Mg, Si, Al and Ca. The highest Ti content is found in mesh 200 with 9.6%, while iron content is about 80.7%. While from the XRD analysis, it shows five mineral types namely magnetite (Fe3O4), Rhodonite (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca) SiO3, Quart (SiO2), Ilmenite (FeOTiO2) and Rutile (TiO2). The preliminary experiment showed that the Ti content in the synthesized TiO2 powder is 21.2%. The purity of TiO2 is low due to the presence of Fe metal which is dissolved during leaching, so that prior to precipitation purification is needed to remove impurities such as iron and other metals.

THE SOLIDIFICATION MICROSTRUCTURE OF BIOMEDICAL TITANIUM ALLOYS UNDER THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (25n27) ◽  
pp. 4685-4690
Author(s):  
ZIYONG CHEN ◽  
LIJUAN XU ◽  
ZHIGUANG LIU ◽  
YUYONG CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Graphite Crucible ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Boundary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solidification Defects ◽  
Solidification Microstructures ◽  
Centrifugal Equipment ◽  
Graphite Mould

Two biomedical alloys, Ti -39 Nb -5.1 Ta -7.1 Zr ( TNTZ1 ) and Ti -35.3 Nb -5.1 Ta -7.1 Zr ( TNTZ2 ) were melted using LZ5 type centrifugal equipment for casting titanium. The solidification microstructures of TNTZ1 and TNTZ2 alloys cast in graphite crucible without centrifugal force are mostly big arborescent crystal with dispersed porosity in it. After pouring into a graphite mould under centrifugal force, the lower part of ingot showed mostly arborescent crystals with few equiaxed crystals, while the upper part of ingot is basically spherical equiaxed crystals. The solidification defects, such as dispersed pores were very difficult to find. Nb is supposed to refine the arborescent crystals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed Ti -phase and Nb -phase existing in the above two alloys. The content of Ti was found relatively low in crystal interior and relatively high in crystal boundary. The content of Nb/Zr was uniform in whole microstructure.

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