Surface Electrolyte Interphase Control on Magnetite, Fe3O4, Electrodes: Impact on Electrochemistry

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 581-586
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Housel ◽  
Alyson Abraham ◽  
Genesis D. Renderos ◽  
Kenneth J. Takeuchi ◽  
Esther S. Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolyte Interphase ◽  
Cycle Life ◽  
Cell Resistance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Initial Formation ◽  
Magnetite Fe3o4 ◽  
Battery Systems ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTIn battery systems, a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed through electrolyte reaction on an electrode surface. The formation of SEI can have both positive and negative effects on electrochemistry. The initial formation of the layer protects the electrode from further reactivity, which can improve both shelf and cycle life. However, if the layer continues to form, it can impede charge transfer, which increases cell resistance and limits cycle life. The role of SEI is particularly important when studying conversion electrodes, since phase transformations which unveil new electroactive surfaces during reduction/oxidation can facilitate electrolyte decomposition. This manuscript highlights recent developments in the understanding and control of SEI formation for magnetite (Fe3O4) conversion electrodes through electrolyte and electrode modification.

21st Century Citizen Pharma: The FDA & Patient-Focused Product Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 309-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Paradise
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
States Food ◽  
And Control ◽  
Patient Advocacy Groups

Perpetual debate regarding the delicate balance between access and innovation and the protection of the public health and safety dominate discussions of the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Established chiefly as a command and control federal administrative agency, iterative changes in legislation have shaped the FDA's activity in drug, biologic, and medical device regulation over the course of the last one hundred plus years. The most recent fundamental reframing of the agency's authority and directive presented itself in the 21st Century Cures Act, reflecting an important role for patient perspectives in the regulatory process. This Article explores recent developments in patient-focused product development efforts at the FDA and offers modest insights on the increasing role of patients, and patient advocacy groups, in agency decision-making. The Article terms this era “21st century citizen pharma.”

Managing Corporate E-Mail Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 254-281
Author(s):  
Aidan Duane ◽  
Patrick Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Major Elements ◽  
Electronic Business ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
And Control ◽  
Mail System ◽  
E Mail

As the criticality of e-mail for electronic business activity increases, adhoc e-mail implementation, prolonged management neglect and user abuse of e-mail systems have generated negative effects. However, management’s ability to rectify problems with e-mail systems is hindered by our understanding of its organisational use. Research on e-mail systems is often dated and based on quantitative methodologies that cannot explain the interaction between various controls in organisational settings. Updating our understanding of the organisational aspects of e-mail systems utilizing qualitative methods is necessary. This chapter presents a multiple case study investigation of e-mail system monitoring and control. The study examines the interaction between key elements of e-mail control identified by previous researchers and considers the role of such controls at various implementation phases. The findings reveal eight major elements to be particularly important in monitoring and controlling e-mail systems within the organisations studied. These are: (1) form a cross-functional e-mail system management team; (2) implement and regularly update e-mail management software; (3) formulate a detailed and legally sound e-mail policy; (4) engage in structured e-mail system training; (5) create and maintain ongoing awareness of e-mail policy; (6) engage in a process of hybrid feedback and control-based e-mail monitoring; (7) firmly enforce discipline in accordance with the e-mail policy; and (8) conduct regular reviews and updates of the e-mail management programme.

scholarly journals Role of ghrelin in fertilization, early embryo development, and implantation periods

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Mercedes Luque ◽  
Pedro Javier Torres ◽  
Nicolás de Loredo ◽  
Laura María Vincenti ◽  
Graciela Stutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Ovulation Induction ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Early Embryo Development ◽  
And Control

In order to clarify the physiological role of ghrelin in gestation, we evaluated the effects of administration of exogenous ghrelin (2 or 4 nmol/animal per day) or its antagonist (6 nmol/animal per day of (d-Lys3)GHRP6) on fertilization, early embryo development, and implantation periods in mice. Three experiments were performed, treating female mice with ghrelin or its antagonist: i) starting from 1 week before copulation to 12 h after copulation, mice were killed at day 18 of gestation; ii) since ovulation induction until 80 h later, when we retrieved the embryos from oviducts/uterus, and iii) starting from days 3 to 7 of gestation (peri-implantation), mice were killed at day 18. In experiments 1 and 3, the antagonist and/or the highest dose of ghrelin significantly increased the percentage of atrophied fetuses and that of females exhibiting this finding or a higher amount of corpora lutea compared with fetuses (nCL/nF) (experiment 3: higher nCL/nF-atrophied fetuses: ghrelin 4, 71.4–71.4% and antagonist, 75.0–62.5% vs ghrelin 2, 46.2−15.4% and control, 10–0.0%;n=7–13 females/group;P<0.01). In experiment 2, the antagonist diminished the fertilization rate, and both, ghrelin and the antagonist, delayed embryo development (blastocysts: ghrelin 2, 62.5%; ghrelin 4, 50.6%; and antagonist, 61.0% vs control 78.4%;n=82–102 embryos/treatment;P<0.0001). In experiment 3, additionally, ghrelin (4 nmol/day) and the antagonist significantly diminished the weight gain of fetuses and dams during pregnancy. Our results indicate that not only hyperghrelinemia but also the inhibition of the endogenous ghrelin effects exerts negative effects on the fertilization, implantation, and embryo/fetal development periods, supporting the hypothesis that ghrelin (in ‘adequate’ concentrations) has a physiological role in early gestational events.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Immunotherapies Against Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharanidharan Ramamurthy ◽  
Trishana Nundalall ◽  
Sanele Cingo ◽  
Neelakshi Mungra ◽  
Maryam Karaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibition ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control

Abstract Immunotherapies are disease management strategies that target or manipulate components of the immune system. Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human health as evidenced by countries continuing to grapple with several emerging and re-emerging diseases, the most recent global health threat being the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. As such, various immunotherapeutic approaches are increasingly being investigated as alternative therapies for infectious diseases, resulting in significant advances towards the uncovering of pathogen-host immunity interactions. Novel and innovative therapeutic strategies are necessary to overcome the challenges typically faced by existing infectious disease prevention and control methods such as lack of adequate efficacy, drug toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance. As evidenced by recent developments and success of pharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies, immunotherapies already show abundant promise to overcome such limitations while also advancing the frontiers of medicine. In this review we summarize some of the most notable inroads made to combat infectious disease, over mainly the last 5 years, through the use of immunotherapies such as vaccines, monoclonal antibody-based therapies, T-cell-based therapies, manipulation of cytokine levels and checkpoint inhibition. Whilst its most general applications are founded in cancer treatment, advances made towards the curative treatment of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, zika virus and, most recently COVID-19, reinforce the role of immunotherapeutic strategies in the broader field of disease control. Ultimately, the comprehensive specificity, safety and cost of immunotherapeutics will impact its widespread implementation.

scholarly journals Influence of Invasive Species on Ecological Succession Routes in Disturbed Seasonal Dry Tropical Forests in Southeastern Mexico

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Pedro A. Macario ◽  
Gerald Alexander Islebe ◽  
Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽  
Luciano Pool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Alternative State ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
And Control

Understanding the role of invasive species in ecosystem functioning represents one of the main challenges in ecology. Pteridium aquilinum is a successful cosmopolitan invasive species with negative effects on the ecological mechanisms that allow secondary succession. In this study we evaluated whether P. aquilinum favours the establishment of alternative states, as well as the effect of recovery strategies on the secondary succession. A random stratified sampling was established with three treatments, each one with at least 50 year of fern invasion and with variations on the periodicity of fires and cuttings (chapeos) vs one control without fern bracken We determined the species richness and composition, as well as the relative importance value (IVI) in each treatment. We found that P. aquilinum decreases the action of the mechanisms that allow secondary succession, particularly facilitation. The recovery strategies consist in monthly cuttings and control fires allow to recover the secondary succession and eventually, the regeneration of areas invaded by P. aquilinum. Our study has relevant implications on the ecology of alternative state, and in practical strategies to maintain tropical forests, as well as for the maintenance of environmental services and sustainability.

A Review Paper on Recent Trends in Bio-nanotechnology: Implications and Potentials

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulab K. Rohela ◽  
Yelugu Srinivasulu ◽  
Mahender S. Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Introduction: Nanotechnology, an advanced science discipline has proved to be vital in solving the major issues or problems, the present world is facing. Nanotechnology has already proved to be the science of revolutionizing agriculture, energy conversions, applied & medical science and other domains. Conclusion: In this paper, we present the recent developments taken place in bio-nanotechnology related to different forms of nanomaterial’s developed along with their application; overcoming hazardous effects of chemical pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides by promoting green and sustainable agriculture through the use of nanofertilizers, nano pesticides and detection & control of plant diseases by using nanoparticles; development of diagnostic tools for detection and control of human diseases; targeted delivery of drugs by using nanomaterial’s, protection of the environment through nanoparticles based pollution checking, bioremediation, renewable energy production and role of nanotechnology in applied sciences.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INTRAGESTATIONAL GHRELIN ON POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE PROGRAMMING IN MICE

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Javier Torres ◽  
Eugenia Mercedes Luque ◽  
Marina Flavia Ponzio ◽  
Verónica Cantarelli ◽  
Marcela Diez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Body Weight Increase ◽  
Puberty Onset ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intragestational role of ghrelin in offspring development and reproductive programming in a mouse model of ghrelin imbalance during pregnancy. Female mice were injected with ghrelin (supraphysiological levels: 4 nmol/animal/day), antagonist (endogenous ghrelin inhibition with (D-Lys3)GHRP-6, 6 nmol/animal/day) or vehicle (control=normal ghrelin levels) throughout the pregnancy. Parameters evaluated in litters were growth, physical, neurobiological, and sexual development and, at adulthood, reproductive function. Litter size and initial weight did not vary between treatments. Male pups from dams treated with ghrelin showed higher body weight increase until adulthood (31.7±0.8 vs control=29.7±0.7, n=11-14 litters/treatment; p<0.05). Postnatal physical and neurobiological development were not modified by treatments. The antagonist accelerated male puberty onset, evidenced as earlier testis descent and increased relative testicular weight (antagonist=0.5±0.0% vs ghrelin=0.4±0.0% and control=0.4±0.0%, n=5-10 litters/treatment; p<0.05). At adulthood, these males exhibited lower relative testicular weight and reduced sperm motility (63.9±3.6% vs control=70.9±3.3 and ghrelin=75.6±3.0, n=13-15 animals; p<0.05), without changes in plasma testosterone or fertility. Female pups intragestationally exposed to the antagonist showed earlier vaginal opening (statistically significant only at day 25) and higher ovarian volume (antagonist=1085.7±64.0mm3 vs ghrelin=663.3±102.8mm3 and control=512.3±116.4mm3; n=4-6 animals/treatment; p<0.05), indicating earlier sexual maturation. At adulthood, these females and those exposed to ghrelin showed a tendency to higher percentages of embryo loss and/or foetal atrophy. In conclusion, ghrelin participates in reproductive foetal programming: alterations in ghrelin activity during pregnancy modified body weight increase and anticipated puberty onset, exerting (or tending to) negative effects on adult reproductive function.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

How do histone modifications contribute to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Woodhouse ◽  
Alyson Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Histone Methyltransferases ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Gene regulatory information can be inherited between generations in a phenomenon termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). While examples of TEI in many animals accumulate, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven particularly useful in investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In C. elegans and other animals, the modification of histone proteins has emerged as a potential carrier and effector of transgenerational epigenetic information. In this review, we explore the contribution of histone modifications to TEI in C. elegans. We describe the role of repressive histone marks, histone methyltransferases, and associated chromatin factors in heritable gene silencing, and discuss recent developments and unanswered questions in how these factors integrate with other known TEI mechanisms. We also review the transgenerational effects of the manipulation of histone modifications on germline health and longevity.

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