Towards Novel Graphene-Enabled Diagnostic Assays with Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (60) ◽  
pp. 3733-3739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah J. Afsahi ◽  
Lauren E. Locascio ◽  
Deng Pan ◽  
Yingning Gao ◽  
Amy E. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Electronics Assembly ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Noise Ratio

ABSTRACTLarge numbers of high quality graphene transistors were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition and packaged into a standard electronics assembly, enabling the readout of graphene properties on the benchtop. After chemical functionalization, these sensors demonstrate sensitivity into the pM range to inflammation (IL6) and Zika virus (ZIKV NS1) biomarkers. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of graphene biosensors is over an order of magnitude greater than established diagnostic and biophysical assays, namely ELISA and BLI respectively. High precision measurements of protein kinetics captured using this technology, commercially available as the AGILE R100, are comparable to both clinical diagnostic and state-of-the-art biomolecule characterization tools. These results demonstrate that graphene-based platforms are highly attractive biological sensors for next generation diagnostics.

scholarly journals Counterfactual ghost imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonte R. Hance ◽  
John Rarity
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Ghost Imaging ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Noise Ratio

AbstractWe give a protocol for ghost imaging in a way that is always counterfactual—while imaging an object, no light interacts with that object. This extends the idea of counterfactuality beyond communication, showing how this interesting phenomenon can be leveraged for metrology. Given, in the infinite limit, no photons ever go to the imaged object, it presents a method of imaging even the most light-sensitive of objects without damaging them. Even when not in the infinite limit, it still provides a many-fold improvement in visibility and signal-to-noise ratio over previous protocols, with over an order of magnitude reduction in absorbed intensity.

A COMPARISON OF ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATIVE COMPOUNDING

Geophysics ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Dyk
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Noise Ratio

Additive and multiplicative compounding of seismometer outputs are compared. In the equations developed for multiplicative compounding some terms involve products of signal and noise, and an arbitrary division of these terms between signal and noise is made to facilitate handling. Under the assumptions made it is developed that for low signal‐to‐noise ratios (less than 0.8) additive compounding provides a greater improvement in signal‐to‐noise ratio than does multiplicative compounding unless large numbers of units are compounded.

Error Analysis for Estimation of Trace Vapor Concentration Pathlength in Stack Plumes

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal B. Gallagher ◽  
Barry M. Wise ◽  
David M. Sheen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Noise Model ◽  
Vapor Concentration ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Noise Ratio

Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging is finding utility in remote sensing applications such as detection and quantification of chemical vapor effluents in stack plumes. Optimizing the sensing system or quantification algorithms is difficult because reference images are rarely well characterized. The present work uses a radiance model for a down-looking scene and a detailed noise model for dispersive and Fourier transform spectrometers to generate well-characterized synthetic data. These data were used with a classical least-squares-based estimator in an error analysis to obtain estimates of different sources of concentration-pathlength quantification error in the remote sensing problem. Contributions to the overall quantification error were the sum of individual error terms related to estimating the background, atmospheric corrections, plume temperature, and instrument signal-to-noise ratio. It was found that the quantification error depended strongly on errors in the background estimate and second-most on instrument signal-to-noise ratio. Decreases in net analyte signal (e.g., due to low analyte absorbance or increasing the number of analytes in the plume) led to increases in the quantification error as expected. These observations have implications on instrument design and strategies for quantification. The outlined approach could be used to estimate detection limits or perform variable selection for given sensing problems.

A Simple way to Estimate the Signal-To-Noise Ratio and to Save Energy

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 937-940
Author(s):  
Wen Zhuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Law Of Large Numbers ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Save Energy

No one can deny the significance of wireless communication in our life, but there is always noise that can lead to some mistakes in transmitting signal. Facing the noise, we should realize that we cannot eliminate completely. Therefore, we should estimate the signal-to-noise ratio so that we can balance the Bit Error Rate and the power, which can save more energy. Here is a simple way to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio based on Bernoulli's Law of Large Numbers.

Proposal for a Laue lens with quasi-mosaic crystalline tiles

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Guidi ◽  
Valerio Bellucci ◽  
Riccardo Camattari ◽  
Ilaria Neri
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Laue Lens ◽  
Crystalline Anisotropy ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Mosaic Crystals ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Very High

Quasi-mosaicity is an effect of secondary bending within a crystal driven by crystalline anisotropy. This effect can be used to fabricate a series of curved crystals for the realization of a Laue lens. It is highlighted that crystals bent by the quasi-mosaic effect allow very high resolution focusing with respect to mosaic crystals. Under the same conditions for energy passband, crystal size and flux of incident photons, a Laue lens based on quasi-mosaic crystals would increase the signal-to-noise ratio by about an order of magnitude compared to the same lens with mosaic crystals. Moreover, no mosaic defocusing occurs for quasi-mosaic crystals.

scholarly journals Signal transmission through the dark-adapted retina of the toad (Bufo marinus). Gain, convergence, and signal/noise.

1990 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Copenhagen ◽  
S Hemilä ◽  
T Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Absolute Threshold ◽  
Spatial Summation ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Noise Ratio

Responses to light were recorded from rods, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells in dark-adapted toad eyecups. Sensitivity was defined as response amplitude per isomerization per rod for dim flashes covering the excitatory receptive field centers. Both sensitivity and spatial summation were found to increase by one order of magnitude between rods and horizontal cells, and by two orders of magnitude between rods and ganglion cells. Recordings from two hyperpolarizing bipolar cells showed a 20 times response increase between rods and bipolars. At absolute threshold for ganglion cells (Copenhagen, D.R., K. Donner, and T. Reuter. 1987. J. Physiol. 393:667-680) the dim flashes produce 10-50-microV responses in the rods. The cumulative gain exhibited at each subsequent synaptic transfer from the rods to the ganglion cells serves to boost these small amplitude signals to the level required for initiation of action potentials in the ganglion cells. The convergence of rod signals through increasing spatial summation serves to decrease the variation of responses to dim flashes, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, at absolute threshold for ganglion cells, the convergence typically increases the maximal signal-to-noise ratio from 0.6 in rods to 4.6 in ganglion cells.

Amplitude and Frequency Dependence of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in LDV Measurements

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick F. O’Malley ◽  
Joseph F. Vignola ◽  
John A. Judge
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Amplitude ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Speckle Pattern ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Velocity Response ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Ldv Measurement ◽  
The Relationship

When making measurements using many sensors, it is expected that, within normal operating ranges, the signal-to-noise ratio is approximately linear (i.e. 20 dB/decade). This generality does not hold, however, when making measurements using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). If the velocity of the target of an LDV measurement increases by an order of magnitude, changes in the speckle pattern will introduce noise into the measurand. An experiment was conducted using an LDV system to measure the velocity response of a speaker excited over several orders of magnitude in both frequency and amplitude. Results are presented showing the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio and vibration amplitude.

Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
David A. Grano ◽  
Kenneth H. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

Experiments in Bright-Field Imaging with Hollow-Cone Illumination

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
K. Weiss ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Field Imaging

Bright-field images taken with axial illumination show spurious high contrast patterns which obscure details smaller than 15 ° Hollow-cone illumination (HCI), however, reduces this disturbing granulation by statistical superposition and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In this presentation we report on experiments aimed at selecting the proper amount of tilt and defocus for improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio by means of direct observation of the electron images on a TV monitor.Hollow-cone illumination is implemented in our microscope (single field condenser objective, Cs = .5 mm) by an electronic system which rotates the tilted beam about the optic axis. At low rates of revolution (one turn per second or so) a circular motion of the usual granulation in the image of a carbon support film can be observed on the TV monitor. The size of the granular structures and the radius of their orbits depend on both the conical tilt and defocus.

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