Islamic Twelfth Century C.E. Glazes from Aktobe, Kazakhstan, and Comparison to Modern Practice in Afghanistan and Uzbekistan

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (39-40) ◽  
pp. 2101-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela B. Vandiver ◽  
Sean Arnold ◽  
Yeraly Akimbek
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Raw Material Variability ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Silk Road

ABSTRACT A preliminary survey of the microstructures and compositions of representative ceramic styles using minimally invasive analytical techniques provides a method of gaining insight into the materials and techniques of ceramic production dating from the eleventh to twelfth centuries C.E. at the archaeological site of Aktobe and from the 14-15th centuries C.E. at Aspara in southeastern Kazakhstan, both walled cities on the Silk Road trading corridor. The case is made for local production based on the argument of technological style or patterning of practices. Seven ceramic sherds representative of glazed earthenware and stoneware traditions were selected for study from excavations of Y. Akimbek and others that are maintained at the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Almaty. Fragments from serving bowls, a cup and bottle were studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron beam microprobe analysis (EPMA) and refiring tests of the bodies and glazes. This initial study aims to characterize the range of physical and chemical variability of ceramics either produced at or imported into Aktobe and Aspara. Most stylistic studies consider these ceramics to have been imported from the Silk Road trade routes that connected many Central Asian cities. The styles include an imitation lusterware bowl made with a ground chromite underglaze pigment, a copper turquoise and cobalt blue and black painted white slipped alkaline-glazed cup, two green lead-glazed copper bowls, an imitation three-color of Chinese sansai bowl, a four-color lead-glazed bowl with underglaze mottled red, gray and black painted slips on a white slipped background and a stoneware bottle. Comparison of the weight ratios of the glaze compositions to possible plant ash raw material sources is presented as a possible way of studying raw material variability; however, analysis is complicated by having two other possible sources that may have supplied fluxing agents, including, salts present in the clays and salts from evaporite deposits.

Changes in regional settlement patterns in Cappadocia (central Turkey) since the Neolithic: a combined site survey perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 33-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Lee Allcock ◽  
Neil Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regional Settlement ◽  
Central Turkey

AbstractMore than 50 years of archaeological survey work carried out in Cappadocia in central Turkey has produced a number of important contributions to the understanding of long-term settlement histories. This article synthesises and critically evaluates the results of three field surveys conducted in Cappadocia which recorded material remains dating from the Early Holocene through to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Results from the combined Cappadocia surveys reveal temporal patterns over the longue durée that include a lack of detectable pre-Neolithic occupation and important exploitation of obsidian as a raw material during the Neolithic. There was growth and expansion of settlement during the later Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, a steady continuation of settlement during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, followed by rupture in settlement at the end of the Bronze Age. A new phase of settlement expansion began during the Iron Age and continued through Hellenistic and Roman times. This in turn was disrupted during the Byzantine period, which is associated with increased numbers of fortified sites. The succeeding long cycle of settlement began in Seljuk times and continued through to the end of the Ottoman period. Comparison with systematic archaeological site surveys in the adjacent regions of Paphlagonia and Konya shows some differences in settlement patterns, but overall broad sim¬ilarities indicate a coherent trajectory of settlement across central Anatolia over the last ten millennia.

scholarly journals The Impact of Silk Road Economic Belt on Economic Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan: The Case of Khorgos City

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigul Islamjanova ◽  
Issah Iddrisu ◽  
Rathny Suy ◽  
Dinara Bekbauova ◽  
Amran Said Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
The World ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Silk Road

The project “Silk Road Economic Belt” (丝绸之路经济带) launched by the Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013 at Astana, Kazakhstan is the most single largest economic project in the world. It is the largest in terms of volume and participation of countries. This paper therefore seeks to examine some of the strategic aspects and possible economic impact to the participation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study focused on the various aspects of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) which have an influence on economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It also analyzed the implementation of the Silk Road Economic Belt project using Kazakhstan’s Khorgos city economic development as a case. The approach used in this paper is based on an analysis of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) in terms of strengths, opportunities and challenges for the future of China-Kazakhstan Economic Cooperation. The project therefore has many in stock for the economy of Kazakhstan when the necessary measures are put in place to tab the opportunities available.

scholarly journals Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Wang ◽  
Benjamin T. Fuller ◽  
Hongen Jiang ◽  
Wenying Li ◽  
Dong Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratio ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Starch Grain Analysis ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
The Social ◽  
Isotope Ratio Analysis ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis ◽  
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ◽  
The Silk Road

AbstractYingpan Man, is one of the most exquisitely preserved mummies found in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Here links between Yingpan Man and the Silk Road are explored through a detailed isotopic and bioarchaeological investigation of his life history. Analytical techniques of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratio analysis on hair, teeth, muscle and bones as well as associated animal and plant remains, radiocarbon dating and starch grain analysis of dental calculus are presented to visualize never before seen aspects of Yingpan Man’s life, including: environment, breastfeeding and weaning practices, adolescent and adult diet, disease and nutritional status as well as season of death. Furthermore, in combination with a detailed review of his associated grave goods, this research examines the social status and identity of Yingpan Man, and demonstrates the profound impact and cultural fusion that the Silk Road had upon the peoples of Xinjiang and Eurasia.

scholarly journals Innovative Production Technology of Drinks from Grape Cryopowders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z A Yaralieva ◽  
G I Kasyanov ◽  
P R Tagirova ◽  
L N Shubina ◽  
S A Ilyasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Mountain Valley ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Vacuum Microwave ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A technology, based on the production of wine beverages from grape cryopowders in the mountain-valley zone of the Republic of Dagestan, is proposed. The data on the vacuum microwave drying of grape raw materials and subsequent grinding in a cryomill are presented. The modes of grape raw material preparation and its subsequent dehydration and cryo-grinding, which provide the possibility of successful use in the dried state in the production technology of wine drinks, are proposed. The principal feature is the use of whole grapes as a raw material, with rinds and seeds. The physical and chemical indicators, the content of phenolic substances and the organoleptic indicators of wine beverages made according to the traditional technology and the beverage made from grape cryopowders were studied. A comparative assessment of beverages was made. It is established that vacuum microwave drying conduces to better preservation of the properties of raw materials and finished products. The organoleptic assessment showed that the wine drinks developed according to the proposed technology had a more intense color and a more pronounced flavor of sweetness and sourness than traditional wine beverages. The advantage of this technology is the ability to transport grape cryopowders in unregulated temperature conditions to any point close to the consumer and carry out the production of wine beverages there.

scholarly journals RESULTS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELARUSIAN-CHINESE COOPERATION THE SILK ROAD ECONOMIC BELT

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
О. A. Khodoskina ◽  
A. A. Igraieva ◽  
V. Y. Naumova
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Silk Road

Purpose. The most ambitious economic and geopolitical project at present is the New Silk Road initiative, which can radically modify transport and cash flows in Eurasia and around the world. It includes the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road projects and involves the creation of an extensive infrastructure network on the way from the western borders of China through the countries of Central Asia and Iran to Europe. Therefore, the purpose of this work is a detailed comprehensive study and analysis of the development of the Belarusian-Chinese cooperation on the Silk Road Economic Belt project, as well as determination of its further prospects. Methodology In the course of the study, we used statistical, territorial-sectoral and retrospective analysis with elements of economic and mathematical modeling of the functioning of economic systems. Findings. The Republic of Belarus has become the most important link in the creation of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has a unique geographical advantage, extremely convenient economic and cultural conditions, being a key country in Eastern Europe, located at the junction of the European Union, and the Eurasian Economic Union. The country attracts with a developed transport infrastructure, a high level of education and professional resources. The New Silk Road project is focused primarily on railway communication. The main potential for the Republic of Belarus in transit traffic is associated with the use of containers. It is containerized cargo transportation that is actually the only way to transport goods in Eurasian transit. Originality. At this stage of project development, the construction of a full-scale functional, effective model that would allow predicting the results of the implementation of a specific subproject with the required accuracy is currently impossible. However, at the present stage, the originality is the so-called  «problem statement» based on the obtained analytical data. They allow identifying existing problems during project implementation, formulating possible solutions and using them during economic analysis of the efficiency of other international projects of the analytical type (solving analytical economic problems). Practical value. The article discusses the prospects and difficulties of the development of transportations by express container trains of goods and cargo from the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the Republic of Belarus. To overcome the imbalance in foreign trade with China, measures were proposed to solve this problem; attention was paid to the project for the construction of Eurasia high-speed highway (HSR), which should connect China with Western Europe through Russia and Belarus.

“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road

Afghanistan ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-194
Author(s):  
Warwick Ball
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
International Image ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
The Silk Road

The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned

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