Super-Hydrophilic, Bio-compatible Anti-Fog Coating for Lenses in Closed Body Cavity Surgery: VitreOxTM – Scientific Model, In Vitro Experiments and In Vivo Animal Trials

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (29) ◽  
pp. 2141-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Herbots ◽  
Clarizza F. Watson ◽  
Eric J. Culbertson ◽  
Ajjya J. Acharya ◽  
Pierre R. Thilmany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Bio Compatibility

ABSTRACTLenses in laparoscopes, arthroscopes, and laryngoscopes fog during closed body surgery due to humidity from bodily fluids and differences between body and operating room temperatures.1,2 Surgeons must repeatedly remove, clean, and reinsert scopes that are obscured by fog. As a result, surgery duration, infection risks, and scarring from air exposure increase.3,4 Current methods to address fogging introduce other complications. Acidic alcohol-based coatings scar tissue and quickly evaporate, and heated lenses require reheating every 5 to 20 minutes.3,4 This paper presents a new super-hydrophilic, biocompatible, non-toxic, pH neutral (7.2-7.4), and long-lasting anti-fog coating called VitreOx™.5-7 VitreOx™ can be used wet or dry, without use of alcohol, heat, or fluid evacuation. When applied as a liquid, it easily espouses lenses’ surfaces and edges, and dries within seconds to form a permanently super-hydrophilic surface on silica and polymer surfaces. VitreOx™ avoids current shortfalls by eliminating frequent reapplications, avoiding reapplication for surgeries lasting up to 72 hours.VitreOx™'s anti-fog properties can be explained by nucleation and growth theory for thin films condensation: 1) 3-D droplets, resulting in fogging; 2) 2-D sheets resulting in a flat transparent film; or 3) mixed 3-D on 2-D, resulting in optical distortion. On hydrophobic surfaces (e.g. lenses), condensation occurs with fogging via spherical 3-D droplets, as in the Volmer-Weber model. 3-D droplets scatter light in all directions through refraction yielding opaque or translucent films (fog). VitreOx™ applied to hydrophobic lenses renders them super-hydrophilic. Similar to the 2-D Frank Van-der-Merwe Growth Mode, condensation with uniform wetting yields transparent 2-D films that do not distort optical images transmission.In vitro and in vivo studies of VitreOx™ were conducted to measure performance and duration of anti-fog effectiveness and bio-compatibility. In vitro tests spanned from 3 to 72 hours over a 3-year range. Side-by-side in vivo gastro-endoscopies were conducted on Yucatan™ swine for 90 minutes using 1) VitreOx™, 2) bare lens, and 3) Covidien Clearify™ surfactant with warmer. VitreOx™ coated lenses did not fog nor need reapplication for 90 minutes, while Covidien Clearify™ lasted 38 minutes without fogging, requiring retreatment. No adverse reaction was observed on swines exposed toVitreOx™, in surgery and 12 months thereafter.

scholarly journals Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2997
Author(s):  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Marianna Pruiti Ciarello ◽  
Angela Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Bodily Fluids

Plastics are ubiquitous persistent pollutants, forming the most representative material of the Anthropocene. In the environment, they undergo wear and tear (i.e., mechanical fragmentation, and slow photo and thermo-oxidative degradation) forming secondary microplastics (MPs). Further fragmentation of primary and secondary MPs results in nanoplastics (NPs). To assess potential health damage due to human exposure to airborne MPs and NPs, we summarize the evidence collected to date that, however, has almost completely focused on monitoring and the effects of airborne MPs. Only in vivo and in vitro studies have assessed the toxicity of NPs, and a standardized method for their analysis in environmental matrices is still missing. The main sources of indoor and outdoor exposure to these pollutants include synthetic textile fibers, rubber tires, upholstery and household furniture, and landfills. Although both MPs and NPs can reach the alveolar surface, the latter can pass into the bloodstream, overcoming the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Despite the low reactivity, the number of surface area atoms per unit mass is high in MPs and NPs, greatly enhancing the surface area for chemical reactions with bodily fluids and tissue in direct contact. This is proven in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and flock workers, who are prone to persistent inflammatory stimulation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis or even carcinogenesis.

Studies on Tapeworm Physiology

1946 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Histological Examination ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Final Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peptone Broth

A technique has been elaborated that enabled the plerocercoid larvae of Schistocephalus solidus to be removed from the body cavity of Gasterosteus aculeatus without bacterial contamination. Larvae were cultured in plugged test-tubes under completely aseptic conditions in a variety of balanced salines, glucose salines and nutrient peptone broth. The most successful results were obtained with peptone broth at room temperatures (16-19° C) in which plerocercoids remained active and showed normal behaviour for periods up to 300 days. In ¾ strength Locke's solution, which was found by experiment to be approximately isotonic with Schistocephalus (δ = -0.44 ± 0.02° C), the mean period of normal behaviour was 114 days. In the remaining saline and saline-glucose media, the mean viability and period of normal behaviour was considerably less. In the plerocercoid, histological examination revealed that the genitalia are in an immature condition. During cultivation at room temperatures, the genitalia remained in this undifferentiated condition and showed no signs of undergoing spermatogenesis, oogenesis or vitellogenesis. Plerocercoids were induced to develop into sexually mature adults by raising the temperature of cultivation in peptone broth to 40° C. (i.e. the body temperature of the final host in the natural life cycle). Oviposition took place after 48-60 hr. at this temperature, and histological examination revealed that spermatogenesis, oogenesis, vitellogenesis and shell formation had taken place in a normal manner. The viability of artificially matured Schistocephalus was 4-6 days in vitro--a period equivalent to the viability of the adult in vivo. The eversion of the cirris was observed in each proglottid after 40 hr. cultivation at 40° C. During the sexual process the cirris everted and invaginated at the rate of about once per second. Cross-fertilization between segments of the same worm or with segments of another worm was not observed. Except for one specimen in ¾ strength Locke's solution which underwent spermatogenesis and partial vitellogenesis, larvae cultured in salines or glucose salines at 40° C. died within 1-3 days without further development. Attempts to hatch out the eggs produced by the cultivation of larvae in peptone broth at 40° C. proved unsuccessful. Histological examination revealed that spermatozoa had not been taken into the vagina. It was concluded that the eggs were not fertilized owing to the failure of normal copulation to take place.

Chronic infarction decreases maximum cardiac work and sensitivity of heart to extracellular calcium

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (1) ◽  
pp. H80-H87 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fellenius ◽  
C. A. Hansen ◽  
O. Mjos ◽  
J. R. Neely
Keyword(s):  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Pressure Development ◽  
Whole Heart

Rat hearts were infarcted in vivo by ligation of the left ventricular coronary artery to cause an initial 40% loss of viable tissue by weight. Due to compensatory hypertrophy of the surviving myocardium and progression of the infarct to scar tissue, the infarct represented approximately 25% by weight of the whole heart after 1 wk. After 1 or 3 wk, these infarcted hearts were removed and perfused in vitro by the working hearts technique. Ventricular pressure development and positive dP/dt were lower in infarcted hearts compared with sham-operated ones. O2 consumption and glucose utilization by viable tissue per unit pressure development was the same in normal and infarcted hearts. Levels of creatine phosphate and free creatine were decreased, but ATP and total adenine nucleotides were well maintained. The inotropic response to decreases in extracellular [Ca2+] was much greater in infarcted hearts than in sham controls. Prenalterol increased ventricular function proportionally more in infarcted than in the sham-operated hearts, suggesting that down regulation of beta receptors was not a problem. The infarcted hearts were much more sensitive to verapamil than control hearts. It is concluded that the depressed function of the noninfarcted tissue of chronically infarcted hearts is due in part to loss of functioning tissue mass and in part to decreased sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+.

scholarly journals 5-Fluorouracil-Loaded Transfersome as Theranostics in Dermal Tumor of Hypertrophic Scar Tissue

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Zhang ◽  
X. Wang ◽  
X. Chen ◽  
Y. Wo ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery System ◽  
Permeation Studies ◽  
Fluorescent Agent ◽  
Hypertrophic Scar Tissue ◽  
Laser Confocal Microscope

To investigate the ability of transfersomal gel carrying the antiscarring agent (5-FU) to permeate hypertrophic scarsin vivoandin vitro, scar permeation studies were performed after the agent was labeled with the fluorescent agent, rhodamine 6GO. Laser confocal microscope was employed to dynamically observe the effects of transfersomal gel carrying 5-FU at different time points. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the contents of the agent in the scar tissues at different hours after administration. Scar elevation index (SEI) was used to evaluate the changes of the ear scar models in rabbits. Compared with the PBS gel of 5-FU, the transfersomal gel displayed greater permeation rate and depth, as well as a higher content retention of the agent in scar tissues. Local administrations of the agent for some certain periods effectively inhibited the hyperplasia of ear scars in rabbits. Transfersomes can be chosen as a potential transdermal drug delivery system.

In vitro and in vivo anti-corrosion properties and bio-compatibility of 5β-TCP/Mg-3Zn scaffold coated with dopamine-gelatin composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Zhou ◽  
Jianan OuYang ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Congcong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Bio Compatibility

scholarly journals miR-4732-3p in Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Cardioprotective During Myocardial Ischemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Marta Gómez-Ferrer ◽  
Ignacio Reinal ◽  
Marc Buigues ◽  
Estela Villanueva-Bádenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Lentiviral Vector ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Scar Tissue

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an emerging alternative to cell-based therapies to treat many diseases. However, the complexity of producing homogeneous populations of EVs in sufficient amount hampers their clinical use. To address these limitations, we immortalized dental pulp-derived MSC using a human telomerase lentiviral vector and investigated the cardioprotective potential of a hypoxia-regulated EV-derived cargo microRNA, miR-4732-3p. We tested the compared the capacity of a synthetic miR-4732-3p mimic with EVs to confer protection to cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Results showed that OGD-induced cardiomyocytes treated with either EVs or miR-4732-3p showed prolonged spontaneous beating, lowered ROS levels, and less apoptosis. Transfection of the miR-4732-3p mimic was more effective than EVs in stimulating angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and in reducing fibroblast differentiation upon transforming growth factor beta treatment. Finally, the miR-4732-3p mimic reduced scar tissue and preserved cardiac function when transplanted intramyocardially in infarcted nude rats. Overall, these results indicate that miR-4732-3p is regulated by hypoxia and exerts cardioprotective actions against ischemic insult, with potential application in cell-free-based therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Measurement of crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone levels in the edible crab Cancer pagurus during emersion stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1579-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Webster
Keyword(s):  
Sinus Gland ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Cancer Pagurus

The effects of emersion stress upon circulating hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) levels in the edible crab Cancer pagurus were investigated using a highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay, with an antiserum directed against HPLC-purified C. pagurus CHH. Emersion resulted in hyperglycaemia and immediate hypoxia, as shown by rapid hyperlactaemia. CHH levels increased dramatically during the first hour of emersion, from almost undetectable levels to around 17 pmol l-1, thereafter increasing to around 30 pmol l-1 after 4 h of emersion. Short-term air exposure experiments demonstrated that significant increases in CHH levels (up to 3.5 pmol l-1) could be detected during the first 15 min of emersion. Although CHH appears to be fairly stable in haemolymph in vitro, injected CHH was cleared extremely rapidly from the haemolymph in vivo. The results suggest that emersion results in rapid, massive and prolonged exocytosis of CHH from the sinus gland. The sensitivity of the assay and the utility of this crab model may be useful in further studies to elucidate the control of CHH release in crustaceans.

scholarly journals Acidic Phospholipase A2-Peptide Derivative Modulates Oxidative Status and Microstructural Reorganization of Scar Tissue after Cutaneous Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Estefanny Ruiz García ◽  
Edvaldo Barros ◽  
Stephanie Stransky ◽  
Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui ◽  
Mariella Bontempo Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Type I ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Carbonyl Protein

From in vitro and in vivo models, the proliferative and healing potential of an acidic phospholipase A2 (LAPLA2) from Lachesis muta venom was investigated. The LAPLA2 proliferative activity was evaluated on fibroblasts and keratinocytes cultured, and the antioxidant and regenerative potential of LAPLA2 was analyzed in a murine model. The animal study consisted of four groups: C (negative control): 0.9% NaCl; SS (positive control): 1% silver sulfadiazine; L1 group: 0.5% LAPLA2; and L2 group: 0.25% LAPLA2. Wounds were topically treated daily for 12 days, and scar tissue samples were collected every 4 days. In vitro, LAPLA2 stimulated marked time-dependent cell proliferation. In vivo, it increased the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl protein (CP) levels in scar tissue treated with LAPLA2 at 0.5%. This peptide was effective in stimulating cellular proliferation, neoangiogenesis, type I and III collagen deposition, and maturation in a time-dependent-way, reducing the time required for wound closure. Our results indicated that LAPLA2 presented a remarkable potential in improving the oxidative status and microstructural reorganization of the scar tissue by stimulation of cellularity, angiogenesis, colagenogenesis, and wound contraction, suggesting that the peptide could be a potential candidate for a new healing drug.

A Rheological Study of Bio-Ink: Shear Stress and Cell Viability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Ahasan Habib ◽  
Bashir Khoda
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Human Embryonic Kidney ◽  
Tissue Scaffold ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Bio Compatibility ◽  
Printing Parameters

Abstract 3D bio-printing is an emerging technology to fabricate tissue scaffold in-vitro through the controlled allocation of biomaterial and cell, which can mimic the in-vivo counterpart of living tissue. Live cells are often encapsulated into the biomaterials (i.e., bio-ink) and extruded by controlling the printing parameters. The functionality of the bioink depends upon three factors: (a) printability, (b) shape fidelity, and (c) bio-compatibility. Increasing viscosity will improve the printability and the shape fidelity; but will require higher applied extrusion pressure, which is detrimental to the living cell dwelling in the bio-ink, which is often ignored in bio-ink optimization process. In this paper, we demonstrate a roadmap to develop and characterize bio-inks ensuring the printability, shape fidelity, and cell survivability, simultaneously. The pressure exerted on the bio-ink during extrusion processes is measured analytically and the information is incorporated in the rheology design of the bio-ink. Cell-laden filament is fabricated with Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) cell and analyzed the cell viability. The overall cell viability of the filament fabricated with 8 psi and 12 psi is 90% and 74% respectively. Additionally, a crossectional live-dead assay of the printed filament with HEK 293 cell is performed which demonstrates the spatial pattern that matches our findings as well.

Survival and Function of Bioengineered Cardiac Grafts

Circulation ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 100 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren-Ke Li ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Jia ◽  
Richard D. Weisel ◽  
Donald A. G. Mickle ◽  
Angel Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Myocardial Scar ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
Myocardial Scar Tissue ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cardiac Graft

Introduction —Patients with congenital heart disease frequently require graft material for repair of cardiac defects. However, currently available grafts lack growth potential and are noncontractile and thrombogenic. We have developed a viable cardiac graft that contracts spontaneously in tissue culture by seeding cells derived from fetal rat ventricular muscle into a biodegradable material. We report our investigations of the in vitro and in vivo survival and function of this bioengineered cardiac graft. Methods and Results —A cardiomyocyte-enriched cell inoculum derived from fetal rat ventricular muscle was seeded into a piece of Gelfoam (Upjohn, Ontario, Canada), a biodegradable gelatin mesh, to form the graft. For in vitro studies, growth patterns of the cells within the graft were evaluated by constructing growth curves and by histologic examination; in in vivo studies, the graft was cultured for 7 days and then implanted either into the subcutaneous tissue of adult rat legs or onto myocardial scar tissue in a cryoinjured rat heart. Five weeks later, the graft was studied histologically. The inoculated cells attached to the gelatin mesh and grew in 3 dimensions in tissue culture, forming a beating cardiac graft. In both the subcutaneous tissue and the myocardial scar, blood vessels grew into the graft from the surrounding tissue. The graft implanted into the subcutaneous tissue contracted regularly and spontaneously. When implanted onto myocardial scar tissue, the cells within the graft survived and formed junctions with the recipient heart cells. Conclusions —Fetal rat ventricular cells can grow 3-dimensionally in a gelatin mesh. The cells in the graft formed cardiac tissue and survived and contracted spontaneously both in tissue culture and after subcutaneous implantation. Future versions of this bioengineered cardiac graft may eventually be used to repair cardiac defects.

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