Biodiesel Production with Nanotubular Sodium Titanate Doped with Potassium as a Catalyst

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Martínez-Klimova ◽  
Patricia Hernández-Hipólito ◽  
Tatiana E. Klimova
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sodium Titanate ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Titanate Nanotubes ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Ft Raman

ABSTRACTIn the present work, sodium titanate nanotubes doped with potassium were synthesized by the Kasuga method and tested as catalysts for biodiesel production. Potassium was added to the nanotubes in order to increase their basicity and, consequently, improve their performance in the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. In the synthesis, the NaOH:KOH molar ratio was changed from 9:1 to 7:3 in order to increase potassium loadings in the obtained nanotubular solids. Synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, powder XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, FT-Raman and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD). Obtained results showed that sodium trititanate nanotubes containing 1.5 wt. % of potassium were obtained when 10 M alkali solution with NaOH:KOH molar ratio of 9:1 was used. In this case, the proportion of sodium and potassium in the synthesized material was similar to that used in the synthesis. An increase in the proportion of KOH to 20 and 30 molar % in the NaOH-KOH solutions used in the synthesis allowed obtaining titanate nanotubes with larger potassium loadings (3.2 and 3.3 wt. %, respectively). As it was expected, potassium addition to the sodium titanate nanotubes resulted in an increase in the amount of medium and strong basic sites. Potassium-containing nanotubes showed higher catalytic activity in the transesterification reaction than the pure sodium counterpart used as a reference. The best results were obtained with the samples containing 3.2-3.3 wt. % of potassium where a biodiesel yield of about 94-96 % was obtained at 80 °C and 1 h reaction time.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid using Fe/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijani Hammedi ◽  
Mohamed Triki ◽  
Mayra G. Alvarez ◽  
Jordi Llorca ◽  
Abdelhamid Ghorbel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Temperature Programmed

Abstract This paper is built on the Fenton-like oxidation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p–HBZ) in the presence of H2O2 and 3%Fe supported on CeO2-TiO2 aerogels under mild conditions. These catalysts were deeply characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of thermal treatment, pH (2–3, 5, 7), H2O2/p–HBZ molar ratio (5, 15, 20, 25) and reaction temperature (25 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C) on the catalytic properties of supported Fe catalysts are studied. Our results highlight the role of CeO2 and the calcination of the catalyst to obtain the highest catalytic properties after 10 min: 73% of p–HBZ conversion and 52% of total organic carbon (TOC) abatement.

scholarly journals Catalytic Dry Reforming and Cracking of Ethylene for Carbon Nanofilaments and Hydrogen Production Using a Catalyst Derived from a Mining Residue

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abir Azara ◽  
El-Hadi Benyoussef ◽  
Faroudja Mohellebi ◽  
Mostafa Chamoumi ◽  
François Gitzhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Dry Reforming ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Spent Catalysts ◽  
Temperature Programmed

In this study, iron-rich mining residue (UGSO) was used as a support to prepare a new Ni-based catalyst via a solid-state reaction protocol. Ni-UGSO with different Ni weight percentages wt.% (5, 10, and 13) were tested for C2H4 dry reforming (DR) and catalytic cracking (CC) after activation with H2. The reactions were conducted in a differential fixed-bed reactor at 550–750 °C and standard atmospheric pressure, using 0.5 g of catalyst. Pure gases were fed at a molar ratio of C2H4/CO2 = 3 for the DR reaction and C2H4/Ar = 3 for the CC reaction. The flow rate is defined by a GHSV = 4800 mLSTP/h.gcat. The catalyst performance is evaluated by calculating the C2H4 conversion as well as carbon and H2 yields. All fresh, activated, and spent catalysts, as well as deposited carbon, were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results so far show that the highest carbon and H2 yields are obtained with Ni-UGSO 13% at 750 °C for the CC reaction and at 650 °C for the DR reaction. The deposited carbon was found to be filamentous and of various sizes (i.e., diameters and lengths). The analyses of the results show that iron is responsible for the growth of carbon nanofilaments (CNF) and nickel is responsible for the split of C–C bonds. In terms of conversion and yield efficiencies, the performance of the catalytic formulations tested is proven at least equivalent to other Ni-based catalyst performances described by the literature.

scholarly journals Synthesis of an optical catalyst for cracking contaminating dyes in the wastewater of factories using indium oxide in nanometer and usage in agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishaq F. E. Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed I. El-Shenawy ◽  
Moamen S. Refat
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Indium Oxide ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
20 Nm

Abstract Herein, the photocatalytic degradation of the Congo Red (CR) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes in an aqueous solution were discussed in the presence of an indium(III) oxide (In2O3) as optical catalyst efficiency. The caproate bidentate indium(III) precursor complex has been synthesized and well interpreted by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-Vis, and thermogravimetric (TGA) with its differential thermogravimetric (DTG) studies. The microanalytical and spectroscopic assignments suggested that the associated of mononuclear complex with 1:3 molar ratio (M3+:ligand). Octahedral structure is speculated for this parent complex of the caproate anion, CH3(CH2)4COO− ligand. The In2O3 NPs with nanoscale range within 10–20 nm was synthesized by a simple, low cost and eco-friendly method using indium(III) caproate complex. Indium oxide nanoparticles were formed after calcination of precursor in static air at 600°C for 3 hrs. The structural, grain size, morphological and decolorization efficiency of the synthesized NPs were characterized using the FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. It was worthy mentioned that the prepared In2O3 NPs showed a good photodegradation properties against CR and CV organic dyes during 90 min.

scholarly journals Easily Recycled CuMgFe Catalysts Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides for Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Yu ◽  
Fubao Zhang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Dejun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectra ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Double Hydroxides

A series of CuMgFe catalysts with different (Cu + Mg)/Fe molar ratios derived from hydrotalcites were prepared by coprecipitation for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), CO2-TPD, and H2-TPD (temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 and H2) were used to investigate the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The CuMgFe-layered double oxides (CuMgFe-4LDO) catalyst with (Cu + Mg)/Fe molar ratio of 4 exhibited superior activity and stability. The high glycerol conversion and 1,2-propanediol selectivity over CuMgFe-4LDO catalyst were attributed to its strong basicity, excellent H2 activation ability, and an increase in the surface Cu content. The CuMgFe catalysts could be easily recycled with the assistance of an external magnetic field due to their magnetism.

scholarly journals Effect of Pr, Sm, and Tb Doping on the Morphology, Crystallite Size, and N2O Decomposition Activity of Co3O4Nanorods

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahaa M. Abu-Zied ◽  
Salem M. Bawaked ◽  
Samia A. Kosa ◽  
Wilhelm Schwieger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
N2o Decomposition ◽  
Direct Decomposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Subsequent Calcination ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Decomposition Pathway

Cobalt(II,III) oxide, Co3O4, is a promising catalyst for nitrous oxide direct decomposition. In this paper we report effect of doping with some rare earth (RE) elements (Pr, Sm, and Tb) on the morphology and crystallite size of Co3O4nanorods. The various precursors (RE/Co oxalates) were prepared via the microwave assisted method and subsequent calcination. The decomposition pathway of these precursors was followed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on thermal analysis results, Pr-, Sm-, and Tb-doped Co3O4samples were obtained via the calcination in static air at 500°C for their oxalate precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) were used to characterize the RE-doped cobalt oxide catalysts. The activity of the prepared catalysts was investigated for N2O direct decomposition and compared with that of the undoped Co3O4catalyst. It was shown that the promoted Co3O4catalysts revealed higher activity compared to the unpromoted one. The dependence of the activity on both the catalysts particle size and the reduction behaviour was discussed.

scholarly journals Morphological and Structural Studies of Titanate and Titania Nanostructured Materials Obtained after Heat Treatments of Hydrothermally Produced Layered Titanate

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Hasmizam Razali ◽  
Ahmad-Fauzi Mohd Noor ◽  
Abdul Rahman Mohamed ◽  
Srimala Sreekantan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Sodium Titanate ◽  
Titanate Nanotubes ◽  
Titania Nanoparticles ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hydrogen Titanate

Different types of titanate and titania nanostructured materials have been successfully synthesised and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and raman spectroscopy. Elemental analysis was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyzer while thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) was used to determine thermal stability. In this study, we found that nanotubes were formed during the washing treatment stage with HCl and distilled water. When the pH of the washing solution was 12, sodium titanate nanotubes were obtained, while when the pH of the washing solution was 7, hydrogen titanate nanotubes were obtained. Sodium titanate nanotubes were thermally stable up to 500°C; however, at 700°C, the nanotubes structure transform to solid nanorods. Meanwhile, hydrogen titanate nanotubes decomposed to produce titania nanotubes after heat treatment at 300°C for 2 hours. At 500°C, the tubular structure broke to small segments due to destruction of the nanotube. Further heat treatment at 700°C, led to the destruction and collapse of the nanotubes structure produce titania nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Pd Nanoparticles Stabilized on the Cross-Linked Melamine-Based SBA-15 as a Catalyst for the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayat Nuri ◽  
Abolfazl Bezaatpour ◽  
Mandana Amiri ◽  
Nemanja Vucetic ◽  
Jyri-Pekka Mikkola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Pd Nanoparticles ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir

AbstractMesoporous SBA-15 silicate with a high surface area was prepared by a hydrothermal method, successively modified by organic melamine ligands and then used for deposition of Pd nanoparticles onto it. The synthesized materials were characterized with infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). The catalyst was effectively used in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction of various reactants in the presence of an organic base giving the desired products in a short reaction time and with small catalysts loadings. The reaction parameters such as the base type, amounts of catalyst, solvents, and the temperature were optimized. The catalyst was easily recovered and reused at least seven times without significant activity losses. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization and Exploration of Photocatalytic Activities of Polyoxometalate: Ni-CoWO4 Nanoparticles

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Fahad A. Alharthi ◽  
Hamdah S. Alanazi ◽  
Amjad Abdullah Alsyahi ◽  
Naushad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hydrothermal Synthesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Structure Morphology ◽  
Photocatalytic Activities ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Photocatalytic Reactions ◽  
Cobalt Tungstate

This study demonstrated the hydrothermal synthesis of bimetallic nickel-cobalt tungstate nanostructures, Ni-CoWO4 (NCW-NPs), and their phase structure, morphology, porosity, and optical properties were examined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), high resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Raman instruments. It was found that as-calcined NCW-NPs have a monoclinic phase with crystal size ~50–60 nm and is mesoporous. It possessed smooth, spherical, and cubic shape microstructures with defined fringe distance (~0.342 nm). The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB) dye in the presence of NCW-NPs was evaluated, and about 49.85% of MB in 150 min and 92.28% of RB in 90 min degraded under visible light. In addition, based on the scavenger’s study, the mechanism for photocatalytic reactions is proposed.

Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Particles Size and Morphology of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticle

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudzani Sigwadi ◽  
Simon Dhlamini ◽  
Touhami Mokrani ◽  
Patrick Nonjola
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Zirconium Oxide ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Ft Ir

The paper presents the synthesis and investigation of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles that were synthesised by precipitation method with the effects of the temperatures of reaction on the particles size, morphology, crystallite sizes and stability at high temperature. The reaction temperature effect on the particle size, morphology, crystallite sizes and stabilized a higher temperature (tetragonal and cubic) phases was studied. Thermal decomposition, band structure and functional groups were analyzed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction. The morphology and the particle size were studied using (SEM) and (TEM). The shaped particles were confirmed through the SEM analysis. The transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed the formation of the nanoparticles with the particle size. The FT-IR spectra showed the strong presence of ZrO2 nanoparticles.

Immobilization of K7PW11O39 on ZrO2 Nanofiber: Ultra-deep Desulfurization Based in Extraction Catalytic Oxidation Desulfurization System

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Guowei Zeng ◽  
Guihong Wu ◽  
Zhihui Wang ◽  
Xiaonan Li ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Oxidation ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Deep Desulfurization ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Model Oil

In this work, K7PW11O39 (abbreviated as PW11) was immobilized on ZrO2 nanofibers and used as an efficient recyclable catalyst in extraction catalytic oxidation desulfurization system (ECODS).The 500 ppm DBT model oil(5mL) can desulphurize completely within 20 min with the catalytic conditions of 50��, 0.010 g 50 wt%- CTAB�C PW11�CZrO2 nanofibers and O/S molar ratio H2O2/DBT molar ratio�� was 2:1. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results indicated the PW11�CZrO2 nanofibers were synthesized successfully and the possible catalytic mechanism is also revealed.

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