scholarly journals Impact of butyl benzyl phthalate on development of the reproductive system of European pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Jarmołowicz ◽  
Krystyna Demska-Zakęś ◽  
Zdzisław Zakęś
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Sander Lucioperca ◽  
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate ◽  
Gonad Differentiation ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Differentiation Period

The effect of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) on the sex differentiation process of fish is practically unknown. The experimental material of this study was juvenile European pikeperch [Sander lucioperca (L.)], which is gonochoristic, undergoes immediate sex differentiation, and has a fixed gonad differentiation period. The fish were fed a diet supplemented with BBP (during the sex differentiation phase: age 61–96 days post hatch) in the following quantities: 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; 16.0 g BBP kg−1 feed. The control feed was a xenobiotic-free base feed. In the present experiment lasting 10 weeks, the survival and growth of fish, the histopathological changes of the fish gonads and the sex ratio were evaluated. After administration of the two highest doses of BBP, growth inhibition of the fish was observed. BBP also seriously disturbed the gonadal differentiation process of pikeperch. All analysed concentrations of BBP delayed testicular development and, at concentrations of 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 g BBP kg−1, induction of the feminisation process was observed. The sex ratio was distinctly disrupted in groups receiving 8.0 and 16.0 g BBP kg−1.

scholarly journals Impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on reproductive system development in European pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Jarmołowicz ◽  
Krystyna Demska-Zakęś ◽  
Zdzisław Zakęś
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Sander Lucioperca ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
The Impact

Phthalic acid, di-n-butyl ester known as di-n-butyl phthalate, is an organic chemical compound that belongs to the group of endocrine disruptor compounds that have a documented negative impact on mammalian endocrine systems. Di-n-butyl phthalate is used widely as a plasticizer in the manufacture of artificial materials, which is why it is found in all types of environmental samples including those from water basins. The aim of the study was to describe the impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on the development of the reproductive system of European pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) during the sex differentiation period (age 61–96 days post hatch). A total of 240 fish were divided into 6 groups (40 fish per tank). Treatments consisted of a control group (0 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 feed) and five trial groups with 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 feed, respectively. Histological changes of the fish gonads, sex ratio, survival and growth of fish were evaluated. Di-n-butyl phthalate seriously disturbed sex differentiation process of pikeperch. Histopathological analyses revealed that the administration of 2 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 significantly affected the sex ratio. The feminization process (intersex gonads) at concentrations of 1 g and 2 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 were observed. All analyzed concentrations delayed testicular development. Phthalate did not have a significant impact on the survival or growth rates of the pikeperch. This is the first report of disruption sex differentiation processes in fish by di-n-butyl phthalate.

Temperature-Sensitive Period of Sex Determination in the Atlantic Silverside, Menidia menidia

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Conover ◽  
Mark H. Fleisher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Menidia Menidia ◽  
Atlantic Silverside ◽  
Gonad Differentiation ◽  
Hormone Sensitive

We investigated the timing and duration of the temperature-sensitive period of development in the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, by measuring the sex ratio in groups of larvae shifted reciprocally among low and high temperatures as development progressed. The sensitive period of sex determination was dependent on body size, rather than age, and occurred during the middle to later stages of larval development when fish were between 8 and 21 mm in total length. Sex determination was irreversibly fixed earlier in development (i.e. at 15 mm in length) at higher than at lower temperatures. Higher, male-producing temperatures therefore appear to more strongly effect sex determination than do lower, female-producing temperatures. Temperature prior to, or after, the sensitive period had no measurable effect on sex ratio. From histological examination we suggest that gonad differentiation coincided with the end of the temperature-sensitive period. The timing and duration of the temperature-sensitive period in M. menidia is generally similar to the hormone-sensitive period identified in other fishes. Both phenomena reveal a specific developmental period during which the course of primary sex differentiation in fishes is labile.

Sex differentiation in bilaterally allophenic animals produced by cloning of two bipartite male/female chimaeras of Lineus sanguineus

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
S. Sivaradjam ◽  
J. Bierne
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Diffusible Factor ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Right

Two bipartite chimaeras were constructed in Lineus sanguineus by grafting the lateral halves from a phenotypically dark-brown male onto the anatomically complementary halves from a phenotypically light-brown female. Regeneration of a large number of pieces transected from these two bilaterally allogeneic chimaeras produced two clones of bilaterally allophenic nemertines (♂/♀ and ♀/♂) Sex differentiation in the cloned worms started with a transitory stage of gonad developmental autonomy, termed the primary gynandromorphous state; at this stage there were young testes in the originally male lateral halves and juvenile ovaries in the originally female ones, the only abnormality then was that the ovarian development was more advanced than the testicular development relative to those in male and female controls. Then, unilateral sex reversal occurred, with feminization of the testes, i.e. oogenesis took the place of spermatogenesis in the many male gonads located in either the right or the left side of allophenic worms according to the symmetry patterns of the two clones. Finally, when the gonads reached maturity, both sides of allophenic L. sanguineus contained only ovaries with ripe oocytes. The complete feminization of these allophenic worms and the previously observed masculinization of ‘heterosexual’ chimaeras in L. ruber suggest that a diffusible factor controls gonadal differentiation in worms of the prevailing sex, which is the female sex in L. sanguineus and the male sex in L. ruber.

scholarly journals Müllerian Inhibiting Substance Is Required for Germ Cell Proliferation during Early Gonadal Differentiation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 1813-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Shiraishi ◽  
Norifumi Yoshinaga ◽  
Takeshi Miura ◽  
Hayato Yokoi ◽  
Yuko Wakamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Oryzias Latipes ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Germ Cell Proliferation

Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a glycoprotein belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. In mammals, MIS is responsible for the regression of Müllerian ducts in the male fetus. However, the role of MIS in gonadal sex differentiation of teleost fish, which have no Müllerian ducts, has yet to be clarified. In the present study, we examined the expression pattern of mis and mis type 2 receptor (misr2) mRNAs and the function of MIS signaling in early gonadal differentiation in medaka (teleost, Oryzias latipes). In situ hybridization showed that both mis and misr2 mRNAs were expressed in the somatic cells surrounding the germ cells of both sexes during early sex differentiation. Loss-of-function of either MIS or MIS type II receptor (MISRII) in medaka resulted in suppression of germ cell proliferation during sex differentiation. These results were supported by cell proliferation assay using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeling analysis. Treatment of tissue fragments containing germ cells with recombinant eel MIS significantly induced germ cell proliferation in both sexes compared with the untreated control. On the other hand, culture of tissue fragments from the MIS- or MISRII-defective embryos inhibited proliferation of germ cells in both sexes. Moreover, treatment with recombinant eel MIS in the MIS-defective embryos dose-dependently increased germ cell number in both sexes, whereas in the MISRII-defective embryos, it did not permit proliferation of germ cells. These results suggest that in medaka, MIS indirectly stimulates germ cell proliferation through MISRII, expressed in the somatic cells immediately after they reach the gonadal primordium.

Gonadal sex differentiation in the neonatal marsupial, Monodelphis domestica

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-703
Author(s):  
P.J. Baker ◽  
H.D. Moore ◽  
L.M. Penfold ◽  
A.M. Burgess ◽  
U. Mittwoch
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Monodelphis Domestica ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Marsupial Species

A quantitative and histological study of the gonads of newborn grey short-tailed opossums, Monodelphis domestica, is described. The pups were karyotyped, and comparisons were made within litters segregating for XX and XY sex chromosomes. A total of four litters including 25 pups were available. On the day of birth, developing testes were significantly larger than the ovaries of litter mates, and testes could be histologically distinguished by the formation of sex cords and a tunica albuginea. The data suggest that in this marsupial species gonadal differentiation may be initiated in utero.

scholarly journals Müllerian Inhibiting Substance in the Caudate Amphibian Pleurodeles waltl

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (10) ◽  
pp. 3931-3936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imane Al-Asaad ◽  
Dominique Chardard ◽  
Nathalie di Clemente ◽  
Jean-Yves Picard ◽  
Hélène Dumond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Müllerian Inhibiting Substance ◽  
Gonad Differentiation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Mullerian Ducts ◽  
Pleurodeles Waltl ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance

Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS, also known as anti-Müllerian hormone), is a key factor of male sex differentiation in vertebrates. In amniotes, it is responsible for Müllerian duct regression in male embryos. In fish, despite the absence of Müllerian ducts, MIS is produced and controls germ cell proliferation during gonad differentiation. Here we show for the first time the presence of MIS in an amphibian species, Pleurodeles waltl. This is very astonishing because in caudate amphibians, Müllerian ducts do not regress in males. Phylogenetic analysis of MIS P. waltl ortholog revealed that the deduced protein segregates with MIS from other vertebrates and is clearly separated from other TGF-β family members. In larvae, MIS mRNA was expressed at higher levels in the developing testes than in the ovaries. In the testis, MIS mRNA expression was located within the lobules that contain Sertoli cells. Besides, expression of MIS was modified in the case of sex reversal: it increased after masculinizing heat treatment and decreased after estradiol feminizing exposure. In addition to the data obtained recently in the fish medaka, our results suggest that the role of MIS on Müllerian ducts occurred secondarily during the course of evolution.

scholarly journals Cerebral and gonadal aromatase expressions are differently affected during sex differentiation of Pleurodeles waltl

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Kuntz ◽  
Amand Chesnel ◽  
Stéphane Flament ◽  
Dominique Chardard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Aromatase Activity ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Aromatase Expression ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pleurodeles Waltl ◽  
The Brain

In vertebrates, sex is determined essentially by two means, genetic factors located on sex chromosomes and epigenetic factors such as temperature experienced by the individual during development. Steroids, especially estrogens, are clearly involved in gonadal differentiation in non-mammalian vertebrates. In this regard, the expression of the estrogen-producing enzyme, aromatase, has been shown to be temperature-sensitive in species where temperature can reverse sex differentiation, especially in our model, the amphibian Pleurodeles waltl. We investigated here the regulation of aromatase expression in the brain during sex differentiation in Pleurodeles. We first isolated a brain isoform of aromatase mRNA which differs in its 5′ untranslated region from the isoform previously isolated from adult gonads. In adult Pleurodeles, the brain isoform is mainly expressed in brain tissue while the other isoform is gonad specific. Thus, regulation of aromatase expression in P. waltl could occur by alternative splicing of non-coding exon 1 as previously described in mammals. We then investigated aromatase expression in the brain of male and female larvae and found no differences with regard to sex. Measures of aromatase activity in the brain also showed no differences between sexes at larval stages whereas activity markedly increases in the ovary concomitant with the start of gonadal differentiation. These results support the hypothesis that aromatase could be a target of a temperature-sensitive sex-reversing effect in the gonads but not in the brain.

scholarly journals The Wilms’ Tumor Suppressor Gene (wt1) Product Regulates Dax-1 Gene Expression during Gonadal Differentiation

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 2289-2299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungho Kim ◽  
Dirk Prawitt ◽  
Nabeel Bardeesy ◽  
Elena Torban ◽  
Caroline Vicaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Drash Syndrome

ABSTRACT Gonadal differentiation is dependent upon a molecular cascade responsible for ovarian or testicular development from the bipotential gonadal ridge. Genetic analysis has implicated a number of gene products essential for this process, which include Sry, WT1, SF-1, and DAX-1. We have sought to better define the role of WT1 in this process by identifying downstream targets of WT1 during normal gonadal development. We have noticed that in the developing murine gonadal ridge, wt1 expression precedes expression of Dax-1, a nuclear receptor gene. We document here that the spatial distribution profiles of both proteins in the developing gonad overlap. We also demonstrate that WT1 can activate the Dax-1 promoter. Footprinting analysis, transient transfections, promoter mutagenesis, and mobility shift assays suggest that WT1 regulates Dax-1via GC-rich binding sites found upstream of the Dax-1 TATA box. We show that two WT1-interacting proteins, the product of a Denys-Drash syndrome allele of wt1 and prostate apoptosis response-4 protein, inhibit WT1-mediated transactivation ofDax-1. In addition, we demonstrate that WT1 can activate the endogenous Dax-1 promoter. Our results indicate that the WT1–DAX-1 pathway is an early event in the process of mammalian sex determination.

Genetic basis for the determination of sex

1970 ◽  
Vol 259 (828) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Mature Spermatozoon ◽  
General Question ◽  
Parental Expenditure ◽  
General Aspects

An introductory review is given of some general aspects of the genetic basis for the determination of sex, with particular reference to vertebrates. The Weismann-Fisher view is that sex arose because it was of selective advantage. The bisexuality of vertebrates is not necessarily ‘best’ for the group in terms of selective advantage; however, the very simplicity of the bisexual system may have been advantageous. The common near-equality in the numbers of the sexes is explained by the Darwin-Fisher ‘ automatic 1:1 tendency’, and Fisher’s concept of parental expenditure can explain deviations from equality and also changes in the ratio during embryogenesis. A direct selective advantage can be argued for the 1:1 ratio—or, more generally, for that ratio which maximizes the chance of a successful encounter of the sexes. Possible modes of gene action affecting sex ratio are discussed. A new assessment is made of the identity of the heterogametic and homogametic sexes in vertebrates, the conclusions for Amphibia deviating from those in some of the literature. It is maintained for vertebrates in general that the ‘ odd ’ sex chromosomes (Y or W) of a species determine strongly in the direction of one gonadal sex. Responsibility for determining the opposite sex must lie between the autosomes and the ‘ even ’ chromosomes (X or Z), but there is little evidence that the ‘even’ chromosomes are specifically implicated. Sex differentiation may not be controlled by a limited number of sex-determining genes, and the ultimate units may be aggregates of the genetic material larger than genes. The possibility of controlling sex ratio at conception by altering the proportion in which X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa fertilize eggs is discussed in relation to the more general question of whether the phenotype of a developing or mature spermatozoon can be affected by its own haploid genetic content.

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