scholarly journals The Celtic Cemetery at Ménfőcsanak. The Excavation Before the Construction of Road No. 83 in 1993–94

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-560
Author(s):  
Andrea Vaday ◽  
Károly Tankó
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Burial Rite

One of the important cemetery and settlement of the Celts lies in a plateau on the southern side of the the Öreg Rába river, in the vicinity of Győr-Ménfőcsanak. The first burials were found in 1967 during a short rescue excavation, however it made Ménfőcsanak a key La Tène site in the Carpathian Basin. Excavations investigated on a larger scale in the area of previously known cemetery in 1993–94. The burial rite of the necropolis was mainly inhumation and only two graves were cremated and two biritual graves. Celtic warriors with swords and richly furnished female with fibulae, coral, amber, and glass beads jewelry were also buried in this part of cemetery. Few graves were limited by rectangular enclosing trenches. According to find analyzing this part of the cemetery dates to the LT B period, and that is why Ménfőcsanak became an important archaeological site in terms of burials in the history of the Celtic “migrations” in the fourth century BC.

The prehistory and early history of the Šumava Mountains (Czech Republic) as seen through anthropogenic pollen indicators and charcoal data

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Radka Kozáková ◽  
Přemysl Bobek ◽  
Dagmar Dreslerová ◽  
Vojtěch Abraham ◽  
Helena Svobodová-Svitavská
Keyword(s):  
Human Impact ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
History Of ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene

In the lower forested mountain ranges of Europe, human impact on nature is usually confined to the written history of the Middle Ages. Our research in the Šumava mountains aims to specify the nature and intensity of human impact on vegetation, especially during agricultural prehistory. We use results from a multidisciplinary study of the unique La Tène archaeological site in the Sklářské Valley (elevation 802 m a.s.l.) and from a pollen and charcoal record 60 m away. With knowledge of this reference site we focus on the meaning of anthropogenic pollen indicators in 13 other pollen sites from central Šumava. From ca 3300 cal yr BP we detect an increase in NAP, Betula, Pinus and secondary anthropogenic indicators in pollen records – vegetation changes of anthropogenic origin. Charcoal records show a significant peak around 3200 cal yr BP. We found weak anthropogenic influence on the La Tène archaeological site in the Sklářské Valley, and much stronger anthropogenic pollen signals at other pollen sites dated to the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Some of these sites are situated on trade routes which have been known since Medieval times but which most likely have much older origins. During prehistory, pollen data reveal no specific human activity such as pasturing or arable farming but reflect small-scale disturbances that supported growth of Betula and Pinus and an abundance of herbs. Such human impact could be connected primarily to activities along trade routes and to hunting, but other factors cannot be excluded.

The Celtic Warrior Fibula

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Stead ◽  
N. D. Meeks
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Art Exhibition ◽  
Front Cover ◽  
The Third ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene

In 1960 and 1961 Ole Klindt-Jensen published two short notes about a golden statuette of a Celtic warrior, soldered to a fine brooch. He was convinced that the warrior did not belong to the brooch, and thought that they had been combined fairly recently. J. M. de Navarro added a comment to the 1961 note, concluding: ‘My impression (from photographs only) is that the brooch might date from the fourth century BC and the figure not before the latter half of the third or the second century BC, i.e. that it was added later.’ Klindt-Jensen's notes were accompanied by plates, and at the same time another photograph was published on the front cover ofCelticum, volume I. A decade later the brooch was shown at the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, and at the Hayward Gallery, London, as item no. 35 in the Early Celtic Art exhibition held in 1970. The catalogue entry was based on Klindt-Jensen's note, but no photograph was published. In the mid 1970s R. M. Rowlett prepared a paper on the authenticity of the brooch, including metal analyses and a comparison of its proportions with those of some La Tène II brooches: Rowlett considered that the figure of the warrior was contemporary with the rest of the brooch, which he accepted as an authentic antiquity. His paper was eventually published about twenty years later.

scholarly journals Novajidrány–Sárvár-Erdészház : A Celtic Cemetery at the Foothills of Cserehát, Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Bíborka Vass ◽  
F. Zsófia Sörös
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
La Tène ◽  
Ceramic Assemblages ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Population Wave ◽  
Grave Goods

At the end of the 4th century BC, and the beginning of the 3rd century BC a Celtic population wave reached the eastern parts of the Carpathian Basin, including Northeastern Hungary. The elements of the funerary rite and the archaeological finds attest to the presence of the newly arrived communities in the cemeteries of the region. The present study serves as a preliminary report on the research results of a Celtic cemetery in the Hernád valley excavated in 2019. The site of Novajidrány–Sárvár-erdészház was in use between the late 4th century BC the earliest and the 3rd century BC and it fits well into the row of Late Iron Age cemeteries in the region. Both cremated and inhumated burials were documented with richly accompanied metal and pottery grave goods. Appearing next to the typically La Tène-styled finds, the graves also contained – mainly in the ceramic assemblages – Scythian-influenced forms which can be explained by the Celtic and Scythian cohabitation in the region during the Late Iron Age.

Tracing 2000 Years at the Source of the Douix, Côte-d’Or, France: Water, Offerings, and Recurrence

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 307-330
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Erdman ◽  
Bruno Chaume
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
La Tène ◽  
Ritual Activity ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Material Evidence

The Source of the Douix in Châtillon-sur-Seine, France, has been visited by local inhabitants for over 2000 years and served as a watery focal point for the ritual deposition of various types of offerings. While water deposits are by no means uncommon across Europe, the continued use of a single space over multiple millennia is. An examination of the preserved offerings at the Douix indicate there are three phases of depositional activity: late Hallstatt to early La Tène periods, late La Tène to Gallo-Roman periods, and the early modern period. Despite being separated by hundreds of years there are similarities across depositional phases including the importance of modified metallic objects, personal ornamentation, and possible connections to women. Could the persistence of these ritual practices be the result of behavioural and ideological continuities? If not, how can we interpret this complex record of intermittent deposition? We examine the deposits from each phase in their wider social and ritual contexts, including the Douix’s connection to the Hallstatt princely centre of Mont Lassois, Gallo-Roman ritual traditions, and the historic folklore surrounding springs. We then explore the inter-depositional phases and discuss the conditions that could lead to the persistence of ideas despite the dearth of material evidence and summarise what these patterns mean for the history of ritual activity at the Source of the Douix.

The Aylesford-Swarling Culture: The Problem of the Belgae reconsidered

1965 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 241-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Birchall
Keyword(s):  
Standard Work ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Similar Series ◽  
History Of ◽  
La Tène ◽  
The Subject ◽  
La Tene

Until the discovery of the Aylesford urnfield seventy-five years ago, the Belgae were still no more than dramatis personae in Caesar's Gallic War. It was Sir Arthur Evans who first identified the users of the Aylesford cemetery with the invaders ex Belgio referred to by Caesar. Reginald Smith's publication of the Welwyn grave-groups (1912) and then Bushe-Fox's excavation of the Swarling urnfield (1925) were followed, in 1930, by Hawkes' and Dunning's account of the history of the British and Continental Belgic tribes, which has remained the standard work on the subject ever since.Thus, it has been accepted that the archaeological material of Aylesford-Swarling type represents the introduction of Belgic culture into Britain. Its continental origins were traced to northern Gaul, the area occupied by the historical Belgae, where a similar series of cremation burials of Late La Tène date is known. This continental series, thought to mark a change from what seemed to be the universal practice of inhumation as mode of burial to cremation, was interpreted as representative of a fusion of inhuming Galli with cremating Germani from across the Rhine. This fusion, leading to the formation of the Belgae, who, as Caesar records, boasted of their ‘Germanic’ origin, was thought to have taken place in the latter half of the 2nd century B.C. The date for the first Belgic invasion of Britain was put at about 75 B.C.

scholarly journals Zur Geschichte der Geowissenschaften im Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin Teil 1: Aus der Vorgeschichte bis zur Gründung der Berliner Bergakademie im Jahre 1770

Fossil Record ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hoppe
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
History Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Carl Abraham Gerhard

Die Geschichte der beiden Institute für Mineralogie und für Paläontologie des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde mit ihren sehr großen Sammlungen beginnt mit ihrer direkten Vorgängerin, der Berliner Bergakademie, die 1770 gegründet worden ist. Aber bereits vor dieser Zeit hat es in Berlin geowissenschaftliche Interessen und Betätigungen gegeben. <br><br> Diese Vorgeschichte wird mit einer Zeit begonnen, in der es den Ort Berlin noch längst nicht gab. Aus der La-Tene-Zeit, die der Zeit der griechischen Antike entspricht, stammt eine Aschenurne mit einer Sammlung fossiler Mollusken, die im norddeutschen Flachland bei Bernburg gefunden wurde. Die Zusammensetzung dieser Sammlung läßt bereits ein wissenschaftliches Herangehen erkennen. <br><br> Für Berlin selbst ist kurz nach Georg Agricola eine Persönlichkeit der Renaissance zu verzeichnen, Leonhard Thurneysser zum Thurn, in dessen vielfältigen Aktivitäten auch Mineralien einen Platz hatten. In gleicher Zeit war in Berlin am brandenburgischen Hofe eine Raritätenkammer vorhanden, die spätere Kunst- und Naturalienkammer. Sie existierte bis über das Jahr 1770 hinaus und enthielt auch Mineralien und Versteinerungen. Das sich hierdurch zeigende Interesse an solchen Objekten war noch recht oberflächlich. <br><br> Erst die Sammlungen privater Personen, die in Berlin seit Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts entstanden sind, zeigen ein tieferes und wissenschaftliches Interesse, wenn auch in verschiedenem Maße und in unterschiedlicher Spezialisierung. Unter ihnen ragt besonders Johann Gottlob Lehmann heraus. Als vielseitiger Naturwissenschaftler und Bergrat hielt er privat Vorlesungen in Mineralogie und Bergbaukunde. Der Siebenjährige Krieg verhinderte den Ausbau und die Fortsetzung. <br><br> Erst Jahre danach, 1768, reorganisierte König Friedrich II. das preußische Bergwesen und richtete 1770 die Berliner Bergakademie ein. Hierbei kam dem Arzt und Bergrat Carl Abraham Gerhard bei der Einrichtung und als Lehrkraft eine wesentliche Rolle zu. <br><br> History of the Geoscience Institutes of the Natural History Museum in Berlin, Part 1. <br><br> The Geoscience Institutes of the Natural History Museum in Berlin have their roots in the Mining Academy which was founded in 1770. Geoscientific interest, however, goes back as far as to prehistoric times which is, e.g., evidenced by a collection of mollusks from the Iron Age. From the Renaissance, similar interests were developed by Leonhard Thurneysser zum Thurn. The contemporaneous cabinet of arts and curiosities of the Prussian Dynasty is also known to have housed geoscientific pieces which, however, turned out to be of only subordinate significance later. Much more important were the efforts of Berlin citizens in the 17th and 18th century who established remarkable collections of geoscientific objects. Among these collectors, Johann Gottlob Lehmann was the most outstanding personality. He gave not only lectures but also wrote textbooks on geoscientific topics. However, not before the end of the Seven Years-War Carl Abraham Gerhard was authorized to found the Mining Academy. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.19980010102" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.19980010102</a>

scholarly journals The discovery of seven engraved La Tène glass beads from the sanctuary of Mathay-Mandeure

Antiquity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (364) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joëlle Rolland ◽  
Laurent Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene

Analysis of seven newly discovered engraved La Tène beads from the Mathay-Mandeure sanctuary in Doubs, France, has refined the chronology for the manufacture of such rare artefacts, and increases our understanding of Late Iron Age ritual deposition practices.

Prospects of applying soil parameters in archaeological activity area analysis. A methodological case study from the Győr–Ménfőcsanak-Szélesföldek archaeological site

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ákos Pető ◽  
Árpád Kenéz ◽  
Szandra Baklanov ◽  
Gábor Ilon ◽  
György Füleky
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Activity Area ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Activity Area Analysis

A történeti korokban élt emberek mindennapi élettevékenységét a háztartásrégészet egy adott emberi populáció hátrahagyott anyagi és építési kultúráján keresztül ítéli meg. A talajtanban alkalmazott talajkémiai és -fizikai paraméterek térhasználat elemzésben történő felhasználása ugyanezt a célt szolgálja, de természeténél fogva eltérő tevékenységek detektálására (is) alkalmas. A bemutatott vizsgálat két épületobjektum, talajtani alapokra helyezett, belső térhasználat elemzésének módszertani megfontolásait, illetve eredményeit foglalja össze. Győr–Ménfőcsanak-Széles-földek lelőhelyen feltárt kelta (La Tène kultúra, Kr.e. III. század második fele), illetve római kori bennszülött (Kr.u. I. század vége) épületobjektum belső terében, a teljes régészeti jelenségre reprezentatív horizontális mintavételi módszert alkalmaztunk, amelynek keretében 50×50 cm-es rácshálóból gyűjtöttünk antropogén üledékmintákat a két objektum belső teréből. A vizsgálat tárgyát képező objektumok méretben és felépítményben azonosságokat mutatnak. Az egyenként két ágasfás, félig földbe mélyített épületekből összesen 68 db mintán végeztünk talajtani méréseket [összes szervesszén-tartalom (TOC%), összes foszfortartalom (Pösszes), pH (H2O, KCl), CaCO3%, Arany-féle kötöttség (KA)]. Annak érdekében, hogy a régészeti jelenségekben megmutatkozó emberi hatást elkülöníthessük a környezeti háttérértékektől, a lelőhely négy pontján vettünk fel kontroll talajszelvényt. A régészeti környezetből származó mérési adatok kiértékelése kettős. Mennyiségi szempontból a lelőhely környezeti viszonyaihoz, illetve a kimért háttérértékekhez kell kalibrálni az adatokat. Minőségi szempontból ugyanakkor egy-egy paraméter mintasorozatában mért szórás, értékintervallum, illetve horizontális heterogenitása árulkodik az épület belsejének eltérő használatáról. Az alkalmazott paraméterek közül az összes foszfortartalom és az összes szervesszéntartalom adatai bizonyultak a leginformatívabbnak annak eldöntésében, hogy a vizsgált belső terek mely pontját, milyen mértékben érhette emberi tevékenységből származó behatás. Eredményeink alapján az Arany-féle kötöttségi szám, illetve a szénsavas mésztartalom eloszlásmintázatait – Győr–Ménfőcsanak-Széles-földek lelőhely esetében – csak részlegesen lehetett az egykori emberi tevékenységhez kötni. Ez a lelőhely szedimentológiai és talajtani viszonyaival magyarázható. A két objektum belső térhasználata, az antropogén üledékeken végzett talajtani mérések tanúsága szerint nem tekinthető azonosnak. A római kori bennszülött épület belső terében markáns különbséget lehet feltételezni a belső térhasználatban. Ezzel ellentétben a kelta épületobjektumnál egyenletes eloszlásmintázatról beszélhetünk, amely olyan emberi tevékenység egykori meglétére utal, amely nem szelektíven használta az épület belső terét.

Belege für die Anwesenheit von Eliten des 6./5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. am Zusammenfluss von Elbe und Moldau in Mittelböhmen

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Chytráček
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Iron Wire ◽  
La Tène ◽  
Higher Rank ◽  
La Boheme ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Food Offerings ◽  
Hallstatt Period ◽  
Burial Rite

Für die Landschaft am Zusammenfluss von Elbe und Moldau mit einem hier am Kreuzweg unterschiedlicher Fernwege sich konzentrierenden ausgedehnten Siedlungsgefüge konnte die Archäologie komplexe Gesellschaftsstrukturen, die Entstehung von Eliten sowie ungewöhnliche Bestattungsriten erkennen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden vor allem zwei frühlatènezeitliche Gräberfelder und eine späthallstattzeitliche Siedlung in den Katastergemeinden Hořín und Vlíněves thematisiert. Körpergräber mit eisernen Drähten auf den Schädeln der Toten weisen auf eine Kopfbedeckung hin, wie sie als „Blätterkrone“ bekannt ist. Die Bestatteten gehörten der aristokratischen Elite an und führten offenbar auch kultische Praktiken durch. Der ungewöhnliche Bestattungsritus sowie die Grabausstattungen von Hořín und Vlíněves belegen den gehobenen Status der Personen in ihren Gemeinschaften. Zwei etruskische Bronzebecken in einem der Brandgräber weisen auf die Bedeutung des Fundortes am Kreuzweg bedeutender Routen des Bernsteinhandels hin. Eine anthropomorphe Bronzetülle aus einem Ha D2–3-zeitlichen Siedlungsbefund wird als Bestandteil eines Trinkhornbeschlages gedeutet. Diese aufwendig geschmückten Trinkgefäße finden sich vor allem in den reich ausgestatteten Gräbern der Elite, dabei positioniert in der Nähe weiterer Gefäße aus Keramik und Bronze sowie beigegebener Speiseopfer. Weitere bislang nicht eindeutig interpretierbare Bronzebeschläge aus den Ha C–Ha D1-zeitlichen Kammergräbern der Bylaner und Horákover Kultur können gleichfalls als Bronzebeschläge von Trinkhörnern angesprochen werden. Ihre Entwicklung setzt sich in West- und Südböhmen in der Phase Ha D2–3/LT A fort, wobei in den reichen Ha D3/LT A-Gräbern mit zweirädrigen Wagen und Waffen kleinere Trinkhornbeschläge zu finden sind. Trinkhornbeschläge stammen äußerst selten nur aus Siedlungsbefunden und sind in solchen Fällen als Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit einer gesellschaftlichen Elite zu verstehen. Die an der Spitze des Exemplars von Hořín angebrachte Figur eines Adoranten verweist auf den Bereich der gleichfalls in breiteren Zusammenhängen erörterten Kultsymbolik.La région située au confluent de l’Elbe et de la Vltava contient une vaste concentration de sites installés au croisement de voies d’échange à longue distance qui ont révélé la présence d’individus de haut rang appartenant à la société du Hallstatt Final et du début de La Tène. En particulier, deux nécropoles du début de La Tène et un habitat du Hallstatt Final ont livré des indices de cette présence dans les communes de Vlíněves et Hořín. Parmi les inhumations, des fils de fer retrouvés sur les crânes indiquent que ces individus portaient des couronnes en forme de couronnes de laurier, ce qui laisse penser à des membres de l’aristocratie qui apparemment remplissaient aussi une fonction religieuse. Ces coutumes funéraires inhabituelles ainsi que le mobilier provenant de Vlíněves et Hořín démontrent que certains individus occupaient une place de haut rang dans leur société. De plus une tombe à incinération contenant deux basins en bronze étrusques témoigne de l’importance du site au croisement de voies utilisées par le commerce de l’ambre. Un élément en bronze orné d’une figure anthropomorphe récupéré dans une fosse d’habitat du Hallstat D2–3 a été identifié comme faisant partie de la pointe d’une corne à boire. En général on retrouve de telles cornes à boire richement ornées dans les sépultures aristocratiques, où elles sont souvent associées à d’autres récipients en bronze et en céramique et à des offrandes d’aliments. A la lumière de cette découverte des fragments de bronze retrouvés dans les chambres funéraires des cultures de Bylany et de Horákov contenant un riche mobilier appartenant à l’élite peuvent être identifiés comme provenant de cornes à boire ; ces dernières évoluèrent au courant du Ha D2–3 et de LT A dans le sud et l’ouest de la Bohème. On y rencontre des cornes à boire plus petites associées à des tombes à char à deux roues et à des armes dans les sépultures à riche mobilier du Ha D3/LT A. La découverte d’éléments de cornes à boire est extrêmement rare dans un contexte d’habitat, ce qui suggère que des membres d’une élite y étaient présents. La pointe de la corne à boire de Hořín représente la figure d’un adorant, ce qui nous amène à considérer ce symbole et le symbolisme rituel dans une perspective plus ample.The region at the confluence of the Elbe and Vltava rivers, with a vast settlement concentration at the crossroads of long-distance routes, has produced evidence of high-ranking individuals belonging to Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène communities. This evidence comes in particular from the parishes of Hořín and Vlíněves where two cemeteries dating to the beginning of the La Tène period and a settlement of the Late Hallstatt period were uncovered. Iron wire found on skulls in inhumation graves indicates the presence of headdresses in the shape of wreaths, suggesting that these individuals were members of the aristocratic elite who apparently also had religious functions. The unusual burial rite and grave assemblages at Hořín and Vliněves would indicate that certain individuals occupied a higher rank within their community. A cremation grave containing two Etruscan bronze basins further attests to the significance of the site, located at the junction of important amber routes. A settlement feature dated to the Ha D2–3 period produced an anthropomorphic bronze socket that was part of the tip of a drinking horn. Such richly ornamented drinking horns are generally found in the well-furnished burials of the elite, and they are often associated with other bronze and pottery vessels as well as food offerings. Bronze fittings found in the Ha C–D1 chambered graves of the Bylany and Horákov cultures, which had hitherto not been satisfactorily identified, can now be assigned to drinking horns; the latter further evolved during Ha D2–3/LT A in western and southern Bohemia. The smaller bronze drinking horn tips found there in richly furnished Ha D3/LT A burials are associated with two-wheeled chariots and weapons. Finds of such drinking horn fittings are extremely rare in settlement contexts and they suggest that members of an elite were present. The tip of the drinking vessel from Hořín features the figure of an adorant; this symbol opens perspectives on ritual symbolism which is addressed here in its wider context.

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