scholarly journals What determines the permanent emigration of Poles? The analysis of the spatial diversification of causes in three economic age groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Lewandowska-Gwarda ◽  
Elżbieta Antczak
Keyword(s):  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
Geographical Space ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Our paper seeks answers to the following questions: What are the determinants of permanent emigration from Poland and how do they vary for specific economic age groups (pre-working, working, and post-working age)? Do the causes of permanent emigration differ over space in these categories, and if so, how? We applied GIS and ESDA instruments, including geographically weighted regression, which allowed us to identify the variability of regression coefficients in the geographical space. Our research indicated socio-economic factors (among others: poviats budget income, feminisation rate, unemployment rate), which, with varying force and in varying directions, affected the studied variable in specific parts of the country. The analyses were performed on the basis of statistical data on the numbers of de-registrations for residence abroad in Poland’s NUTS-4 in three economic age groups (pre-working, working, and post-working age) for the time span from 2005 to 2013.

scholarly journals Female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Karolina Lewandowska-Gwarda
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Gwr Model ◽  
Geographical Space

Research background: Through the cultural progress and socio-economic development in Poland women have obtained the same rights as men in the labour market. Nevertheless, they continuously face discrimination and the difficulty, resulting from their traditional role, in finding or maintaining employment. Purpose of the article: The main objective of this study was an analysis of female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective. The following research questions were also specified: Is female unemployment dependent on social factors (do they play the key role)? Are the factors determining the level of female unemployment spatially diversified? Is the GWR model an effective tool in analysis of female unemployment? Methods: The research applied GIS and spatial analysis methods including Geographically Weighted Regression, which enables the identification of the variability of regression coefficients in the geographical space. The analysis was carried out based on statistical data presenting the share of unemployed women in the working age population for 380 Polish districts (NUTS 4, LAU 1) in 2016. Findings & Value added: The research results showed that in the period 2003-2016 the female unemployment was getting lower, but it was still higher than men. It was also spatially diversified. Moreover, the determinants of female unemployment were diverse in the geographic space and did not have a significant impact on the variable in all spatial units. The existence of clusters of districts, characterised by similar interactions and its strength, was also confirmed. The results of this analysis proved that non-economic (social) factors largely affected the level of female unemployment in Poland in 2016. Using GWR enabled drawing detailed conclusions concerning the determinants of female unemployment in Poland, it proved to be an effective tool for the analysis of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals The Participation of Girls and Boys from Ages 10 to 18 in Structured Sports and Extra-Curricular Activities in the Aspect of Social and Economic Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dmitruk ◽  
Helena Popławska ◽  
Krystyna GÓrniak ◽  
Wojciech Hołub
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sport Activities ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Parents Education

Abstract Introduction. The importance of socio-economic factors in differentiating the physical activities of children and teenagers keeps changing. That is why the goal of this research was to identify certain social variables amongst those listed most often which differentiate the level of targeted physical activity of urban children and youths from the Bialskie district. Material and methods. The research was conducted on 1.084 students between the ages of 10 and 18. Three age groups were chosen: 10 to 12, 13 to 15, and 16 to 18. Information about the attendance of respondents in Physical Education classes and structured extra-curricular sport activities, as well as preferred forms of physical activities were collected via a diagnostic survey. The same method was used in the assessment of the socio-economic status of the families of the respondents. The relations between attendance in extra-curricular sports activities and socio-economic factors was assessed by a multifactoral logistic regression model, and the statistical relevance of the differences was calculated by the Wald test. Results. Attendance in structured extra-curricular physical activity depended mostly on income per family member. In the case of type of work performed by parents, the attendance rate in both boys and girls was higher if the parents performed intellectual work. Parents' education and number of children in the family did not have a high influence on the attendance of respondents in structured extra-curricular sport activities. Conclusions. Increasing disproportions in societal prosperity can be an important factor limiting the attendance of the poorest group of children and youths in structured physical activities. The lack of influence on physical activity of such socio-economic variables as parents' education and the number of children in the family can be connected with the change of meaning of those factors in modern society (depreciation of the importance of higher education, decreased fertility).

scholarly journals Analysis of Built-Up Areas of Small Polish Cities with the Use of Deep Learning and Geographically Weighted Regression

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Maciej Adamiak ◽  
Iwona Jażdżewska ◽  
Marta Nalej
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Small cities are an important part of the settlement system, a link between rural areas and large cities. Although they perform important functions, research focuses on large cities and metropolises while marginalizing small cities, the study of which is of great importance to progress in social sciences, geography, and urban planning. The main goal of this paper was to verify the impact of selected socio-economic factors on the share of built-up areas in 665 small Polish cities in 2019. Data from the Database of Topographic Objects (BDOT), Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2015 and 2019, and Local Data Bank by Statistics Poland form 2019 were used in the research. A machine learning segmentation procedure was used to obtain the data on the occurrence of built-up areas. Hot Spot (Getis-Ord Gi*) analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to explain spatially varying impact of factors related to population, spatial and economic development, and living standards on the share of built-up areas in the area of small cities. Significant association was found between the population density and the share of built-up areas in the area of the cities studied. The influence of the other socio-economic factors examined, related to the spatial and economic development of the cities and the quality of life of the inhabitants, showed great regional variation. The results also indicated that the share of built-up areas in the area of the cities under study is a result of the conditions under which they were established and developed throughout their existence, and not only of the socio-economic factors affecting them at present.

scholarly journals Analyzing Wildfires and their Socio-economic Factors in Sardinia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Serra ◽  
Claudio Detotto ◽  
Marco Vannini
Keyword(s):  
Public Lands ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Fire Size ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract In the last decades, wildfire hazards have increased to dangerous levels, becoming the focus of debate among policymakers both at the local and national levels. This paper proposes a Spatio-temporal approach to study the determinants of fire size distributions taking Sardinia as a case study in the time span 1998-2009. Special attention is devoted to socioeconomic factors of local communities where wildfires occurred. The main finding of this study is that the proportion of public lands in a given municipality tends to mitigate the extent of the burned area. In addition, communities with a higher percentage of people employed in the primary sector are less likely to experience large burned extents.

scholarly journals Female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Lewandowska-Gwarda
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Gwr Model ◽  
Geographical Space

Research background: Through the cultural progress and socio-economic development in Poland women have obtained the same rights as men in the labour market. Nevertheless, they continuously face discrimination and the difficulty, resulting from their traditional role, in finding or maintaining employment. Purpose of the article: The main objective of this study was an analysis of female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective. The following research questions were also specified: Is female unemployment dependent on social factors (do they play the key role)? Are the factors determining the level of female unemployment spatially diversified? Is the GWR model an effective tool in analysis of female unemployment? Methods: The research applied GIS and spatial analysis methods including Geographically Weighted Regression, which enables the identification of the variability of regression coefficients in the geographical space. The analysis was carried out based on statistical data presenting the share of unemployed women in the working age population for 380 Polish districts (NUTS 4, LAU 1) in 2016. Findings & Value added: The research results showed that in the period 2003-2016 the female unemployment was getting lower, but it was still higher than men. It was also spatially diversified. Moreover, the determinants of female unemployment were diverse in the geographic space and did not have a significant impact on the variable in all spatial units. The existence of clusters of districts, characterised by similar interactions and its strength, was also confirmed. The results of this analysis proved that non-economic (social) factors largely affected the level of female unemployment in Poland in 2016. Using GWR enabled drawing detailed conclusions concerning the determinants of female unemployment in Poland, it proved to be an effective tool for the analysis of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT AS A FACTOR DETERMINING THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
A.A. Kornilova ◽  
◽  
S.E. Mamedov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The article analyzes the significance of socio-economic factors in the architectural and planning organization of residential complexes. The study uses statistical data and a sociological survey of the population to determine the main uncomfortable conditions and the necessary needs of the population in the formation of a comfortable architectural environment. As a result of processing the data obtained, various social groups and their preferences are formed.

scholarly journals Effect of Hierarchical Parish System on Portuguese Housing Rents

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Sofia Vale ◽  
Felipa de Mello-Sampayo
Keyword(s):  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Space Pattern ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Parish System ◽  
Rental Housing Market ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This manuscript analyzes an inter-parish housing rents gradient with respect to surrounding parishes. Using data on housing rents for 4049 Portuguese parishes in 278 municipalities, the paper explores the spatial patterns of housing rents using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) methodology. The housing rents can be explained by socio-economic factors comprising the effects of unemployment, sustainability, social diversity, elderly dependency, and population density. The proportion of overcrowded dwellings reflecting how poor living conditions affect housing rents was also included in the spatial analysis. On the structural side, characteristics of the dwellings were also included such as the area of the home and the number of other homes available in the parishes. Locational factors reflect households’ valuation for access to other parishes. In order to capture location characteristics, besides considering mobility within municipalities, the GWR allowed using distances to nearby parishes, i.e., parish hierarchy distance effect. The results suggest that the Portuguese rental housing market exhibits a heterogeneous pattern across the territory, displaying spatial variability and a hierarchical space pattern as a consequence of its locational attributes.

scholarly journals Challenges of Depopulation in Latvia’s Rural Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Dahs ◽  
◽  
Atis Berzins ◽  
Juris Krumins ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Demographic Challenges ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Rural Depopulation ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The administrative territorial reform of 2021 in Latvia has changed the shape and structure of local municipalities. Previous studies have shown that disparities and challenges in terms of demographic development will be even more evident between the newly formed municipalities than they were prior to the reform, creating greater demographic risks for the rural areas. By using the available statistical information and geographically weighted regression models, this study aims to evaluate the demographic challenges in Latvia’s rural areas and to determine main socio economic factors linked to the rural depopulation processes. Key indicators linked to the depopulation process are evaluated and discussed by the authors in the context of gender balance, development centre accessibility and other socio economic factors. Authors conclude that supporting and developing local industries, public services and infrastructure facilitating diverse employment options and equal opportunities for working age females is a paramount condition for slowing or reversing rural depopulation in in the long term. Regional development centres in general and particularly those located in remote areas show little or no immediate effect on the population dynamics. However, these centres offer more diverse employment opportunities and essential social services, making them more attractive to working age females and households with children. Digitalization and focus on location-independent employment and services is another important route to explore in the new rural development setting.

scholarly journals The dynamics of sex-age structure of the population in urban and rural areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the years 1991-2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (31) ◽  
pp. 87-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulnara Nyussupova ◽  
Aisulu Kalimurzina
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract In this article we discuss and analyse changes in the sex-age structure of both the urban and the rural population of the Republic of Kazakhstan since independence (1991) and until 2013. Spatial analysis by age and sex was carried out for the urban and rural population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article focuses on the population of Astana and Almaty as cities of “republican subordination”. The aim of this article is to study and analyse the sex-age structure of the total population taking the urban and rural population from 1991 to 2013 separately. For comparison and analysis of statistical data in the dynamics, the data by sex and age of the urban and rural population for 1991, 2001 and 2011 were examined. Thus changes over 10 years are considered. The age groups for which the data were collected were based on differentiation of the population by economic status: pre-working (0-14 years), working (15-64), and post-working age (over 65 years).

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