scholarly journals Distribution of enterovirus genotypes detected in clinical samples in Hungary, 2010–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Bujaki ◽  
Ágnes Farkas ◽  
Zita Rigó ◽  
Mária Takács
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
Occasional Occurrence ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Sporadic Cases

AbstractThis report provides the findings of a retrospective surveillance study on the emergence and circulation of enteroviruses with their associated clinical symptoms over a nine-year period detected at the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory in Hungary between 2010–2018.Enterovirus (EV) detection and genotyping were performed directly from clinical samples. From 4,080 clinical specimens 25 EV types were identified with a median age of patients of 5 years and 68% of all cases affected children aged 10 years or younger, although infections occurred in all age-groups. In 130 cases neurological symptoms were recorded, in 123 cases the infection presented in skin related signs including hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina and rash. In 2010 EV-A71 was found to cause the majority of diagnosed EV infections while in 2011 and from 2014–2018, Coxsackievirus (CV)-A6 was identified most often. Echovirus E6 accounted for the most cases in 2012 and Echovirus 30 dominated in 2013. EV-D68 was identified only in 2010 and 2013.Widespread circulation of several EV-A and EV-B viruses with occasional occurrence of EV-C and EV-D was detected. The ability of EVs to cause severe infections in sporadic cases and regular outbreaks highlight the importance of continued monitoring of circulating EV types.

Environmental Swabs as a Tool in Norovirus Outbreak Investigation, Including Outbreaks on Cruise Ships

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
INGEBORG L. A. BOXMAN ◽  
REMCO DIJKMAN ◽  
NATHALIE A. J. M. te LOEKE ◽  
GEKE HÄGELE ◽  
JEROEN J. H. C. TILBURG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Set Up

In this study, we investigated whether environmental swabs can be used to demonstrate the presence of norovirus in outbreak settings. First, a procedure was set up based on viral RNA extraction using guanidium isothiocyanate buffer and binding of nucleic acids to silica. Subsequently, environmental swabs were taken at 23 Dutch restaurants and four cruise ships involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Outbreaks were selected based on clinical symptoms consistent with viral gastroenteritis and time between consumption of suspected food and onset of clinical symptoms (>12 h). Norovirus RNA was demonstrated by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR in 51 of 86 (59%) clinical specimens from 12 of 14 outbreaks (86%), in 13 of 90 (14%) food specimens from 4 of 18 outbreaks (22%), and in 48 of 119 (40%) swab specimens taken from 14 of 27 outbreaks (52%). Positive swab samples agreed with positive clinical samples in seven outbreaks, showing identical sequences. Furthermore, norovirus was detected on swabs taken from kitchen and bathroom surfaces in five outbreaks in which no clinical samples were collected and two outbreaks with negative fecal samples. The detection rate was highest for outbreaks associated with catered meals and lowest for restaurant-associated outbreaks. The use of environmental swabs may be a useful tool in addition to testing of food and clinical specimens, particularly when viral RNA is detected on surfaces used for food preparation.

scholarly journals Review of 16S and ITS Direct Sequencing Results for Clinical Specimens Submitted to a Reference Laboratory

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Payne ◽  
Robert Azana ◽  
Linda M. N. Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Rdna Amplification

We evaluated the performance of 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region amplification and sequencing of rDNA from clinical specimens, for the respective detection and identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Direct rDNA amplification of 16S and ITS targets from clinical samples was performed over a 4-year period and reviewed. All specimens were from sterile sites and submitted to a reference laboratory for evaluation. Results of 16S and ITS were compared to histopathology, Gram and/or calcofluor stain microscopy results. A total of 277 16S tests were performed, with 64 (23%) positive for the presence of bacterial DNA. Identification of an organism was more likely in microscopy positive 16S samples 14/21 (67%), compared to 35/175 (20%) of microscopy negative samples. A total of 110 ITS tests were performed, with 14 (13%) positive. The yield of microscopy positive ITS samples, 9/44 (21%), was higher than microscopy negative samples 3/50 (6%). Given these findings, 16S and ITS are valuable options for culture negative specimens from sterile sites, particularly in the setting of positive microscopy findings. Where microscopy results are negative, the limited sensitivity of 16S and ITS in detecting and identifying an infectious agent needs to be considered.

scholarly journals Prevalence and seroepidemiology ofHaemophilus parasuisin Sichuan province, China

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenghao Wang ◽  
Qin Zhao ◽  
Hailin Wei ◽  
Xintian Wen ◽  
Sanjie Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Area Sampling ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Haemophilus parasuis, the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, has been reported as widespread, but little is known about its epidemiology in the Sichuan province of China. The goal of our research is to reveal the prevalence and distribution ofH. parasuisin this area. Sampling and isolation were performed across Sichuan; isolates were processed using serotyping multiplex PCR (serotyping-mPCR) and agar gel diffusion (AGD) for confirmation of serovar identity. This study was carried out from January 2014 to May 2016 and 254H. parasuisfield strains were isolated from 576 clinical samples collected from pigs displaying clinical symptoms. The isolation frequency was 44.10%. Statistically very significant differences of infection incidence were found in three age groups (P < 0.01) and different seasons (P < 0.01). Serovars 5 (25.98%) and 4 (23.62%) were the most prevalent, however, non-typeable isolates accounted for nearly 7.87%. In terms of geographical distribution, serovars 5 and 4 were mostly prevalent in west and east Sichuan. The results confirmed that the combined approach was dependable and revealed the diversity and distribution of serovars in Sichuan province, which is vital for efforts aimed at developing vaccine candidates allowing for the prevention or control ofH. parasuisoutbreaks.

Anti-IH Related Hemolytic Reaction in a Sickle Cell Patient and Further Management While Avoiding Transfusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S165-S166
Author(s):  
N Yurtsever ◽  
K Wilson-Sandberg ◽  
J Dikeman ◽  
J Louie ◽  
K Fomani
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Acute Chest Syndrome ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Thermal Amplitude ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction ◽  
Group B

Abstract Introduction/Objective H antigen is a precursor for A and B antigens and is mostly converted except for the O blood group, which has the highest amount of H antigen. I is present on all adult RBCs. Anti-IH is usually an IgM antibody active at cold temperatures, and rarely demonstrates a wide thermal amplitude and can cause a significant hemolytic transfusion reaction. Methods Data was collected from patient information and transfusion management systems. Results 38 year old female with sickle cell disease presented to the emergency room with dizziness, tachypnea and Hgb: 5.9 g/dl Hct:19.1%. Upon further review, patient chart showed that she had received an emergency RBC exchange transfusion 21 days prior to this admission for acute chest syndrome. She was B positive. The units for RBC exchange consisted of 5 group B and 1 group O units and an additional 1 group O unit later. All RBC units were matched for her phenotype; Rh, K, Duffy & Kidd, except anti-S which was ruled out. At the time of discharge, Hgb was 9.3 g/dl and Hct was 27.7%. The drop in Hgb between discharge and the present admission prompted a suspicion for delayed hemolytic reaction/hyperhemolysis. The sample sent to the local Reference Laboratory came back as follows: DAT/Coombs Positive, DAT C3 positive; positive for cold auto-anti-IH antibody. A thermal amplitude test indicated that the anti-IH was reactive at 30 C and therefore had the potential to be of clinical significance. Her Hgb continued to drop and 3 days later Hb=3.7 g/dl with instructions not to transfuse unless clinically emergent. With treatment of IVIG and steroids, reducing further blood draws and monitoring the patient for clinical symptoms only, her Hgb/Hct started to rise and the patient was discharged 4 days later with Hgb: 6.4 g/dl, and no symptoms of anemia. Conclusion Our case study is important in two ways: Firstly, it raises awareness of the severity of a cold autoantibody, i.e. anti-IH, with a wide thermal amplitude. Specifically, in this case, our attempt to provide phenotypically similar RBCs resulted in the destruction of all the type O donor cells as well as some of the B donor cells. Secondly, even with Hgb counts as low as 3.7, treating the patient and not the number proved to be better clinical practice. In conclusion, a good monitoring protocol for sickle cell patients is required to transfuse less and avoid serious complications.

scholarly journals Simultaneous enterovirus EV-D68 and CVA6 infections causing acute respiratory distress syndrome and hand, foot and mouth disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivanildo Pedro de Sousa ◽  
Heloísa Ihle Giamberardino ◽  
Sonia Mara Raboni ◽  
Maria Carmo Debur ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Aguiar Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Chinese Strain ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Background Although most enterovirus (EV) infections can be asymptomatic, these viral agents can cause serious conditions associated with central nervous system, respiratory disease and uncommon manifestations of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-coinfections have been rarely reported with development of complications and severe clinical outcome. An atypical case of a child presenting HFMD and severe acute respiratory syndrome, co-infected with EV-D68 and CVA6, is reported herein. Case presentation A 3-year-old boy was admitted in the emergency department unit showing fever, abdominal pain and tachycardia. Twenty-four hours after hospitalization the child developed severe clinical symptoms associated with HFMD and was discharged after recovery. Two days later, the child was readmitted with fever, cough and respiratory distress. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing confirmed positivity for EV-D68 and CVA6 in oro and nasopharynges swabs and vesicles fluid, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 gene sequences suggested that CVA6 was closely related with HFMD viruses circulating in Turkey, while EV-D68 was genetically related to a Chinese strain. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first report of a double infection caused by CVA6 and EV-D68, which shed light on the pathogenesis of enterovirus infections. Further studies must be conducted to ascertain the role and clinical significance of EV co-infections, as well as a potential synergistic pathway between these viruses.

scholarly journals Use of a Standardized Bovine Serum Panel To Evaluate a Multiplexed Nonstructural Protein Antibody Assay for Serological Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Perkins ◽  
Satya Parida ◽  
Alfonso Clavijo
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Antibody Assays ◽  
Serological Surveillance

ABSTRACT Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.

scholarly journals Is Staphylococcus lugdunensis Significant in Clinical Samples?

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 3167-3174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Argemi ◽  
Yves Hansmann ◽  
Philippe Riegel ◽  
Gilles Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Staphylococcus Lugdunensis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Microbiological Data

ABSTRACTThe implication of coagulase-negative staphylococci in human diseases is a major issue, particularly in hospital settings wherein these species often act as opportunistic pathogens. In addition, some coagulase-negative staphylococci such asS. lugdunensishave emerged as pathogenic bacteria, implicated in severe infections, particularly, osteoarticular infections, foreign-body-associated infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis.In vitrostudies have shown the presence of several putative virulence factors such as adhesion factors, biofilm production, and proteolytic factors that might explain clinical manifestations. Taken together, the clinical and microbiological data might change the way clinicians and microbiologists look atS. lugdunensisin clinical samples.

scholarly journals Current Hepatitis A Status in Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wu ◽  
Shimian Zou ◽  
Antonio Giulivi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern

Hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus, occurs most frequently in developing countries, but also causes sporadic cases or outbreaks in industrialized countries. The most common route of transmission is fecal-oral. The incidence of hepatitis A varies with geography, and economic and environmental conditions. The epidemiological pattern of the disease has changed with improvements in hygiene and economic conditions. The incidence and prevalence of hepatitis A has decreased, while the average age of exposure and subsequent infection has increased. The present report describes the current status of hepatitis A in Canada. The incidence rate of reported cases in Canada varies from over 10/100,000 (1991) to 3.6/100,000 (1998), and is higher in males, 4.7/100,000 (1998), than in females, 2.5/100,000 (1998). The highest reported hepatitis A rates are in age groups 30 to 39 years and 40 to 59 years, and in British Columbia. Such information is important for assessing current immunization approaches and for decision-making about new preventive strategies against hepatitis A in Canada.

A point-of-care diagnostic for differentiating Ebola from endemic febrile diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (471) ◽  
pp. eaat0944 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sebba ◽  
Alexander G. Lastovich ◽  
Melody Kuroda ◽  
Eric Fallows ◽  
Joshua Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
And Control

Hemorrhagic fever outbreaks such as Ebola are difficult to detect and control because of the lack of low-cost, easily deployable diagnostics and because initial clinical symptoms mimic other endemic diseases such as malaria. Current molecular diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction require trained personnel and laboratory infrastructure, hindering diagnostics at the point of need. Although rapid tests such as lateral flow can be broadly deployed, they are typically not well-suited for differentiating among multiple diseases presenting with similar symptoms. Early detection and control of Ebola outbreaks require simple, easy-to-use assays that can detect and differentiate infection with Ebola virus from other more common febrile diseases. Here, we developed and tested an immunoassay technology that uses surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags to simultaneously detect antigens from Ebola, Lassa, and malaria within a single blood sample. Results are provided in <30 min for individual or batched samples. Using 190 clinical samples collected from the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak, along with 163 malaria positives and 233 negative controls, we demonstrated Ebola detection with 90.0% sensitivity and 97.9% specificity and malaria detection with 100.0% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. These results, along with corresponding live virus and nonhuman primate testing of an Ebola, Lassa, and malaria 3-plex assay, indicate the potential of the SERS technology as an important tool for outbreak detection and clinical triage in low-resource settings.

scholarly journals Comparison of diagnostic clinical samples and environmental sampling for enterovirus and parechovirus surveillance in Scotland, 2010 to 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Harvala ◽  
J Calvert ◽  
D Van Nguyen ◽  
L Clasper ◽  
N Gadsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
The Family ◽  
Common Causes

Human enteroviruses (EV) and parechoviruses (HPeV) within the family Picornaviridae are the most common causes of viral central nervous system (CNS)-associated infections including meningitis and neonatal sepsis-like disease. The frequencies of EV and HPeV types identified in clinical specimens collected in Scotland over an eight-year period were compared to those identified in sewage surveillance established in Edinburgh. Of the 35 different EV types belonging to four EV species (A to D) and the four HPeV types detected in this study, HPeV3 was identified as the most prevalent picornavirus in cerebrospinal fluid samples, followed by species B EV. Interestingly, over half of EV and all HPeV CNS-associated infections were observed in young infants (younger than three months). Detection of species A EV including coxsackievirus A6 and EV71 in clinical samples and sewage indicates that these viruses are already widely circulating in Scotland. Furthermore, species C EV were frequently identified EV in sewage screening but they were not present in any of 606 EV-positive clinical samples studied, indicating their likely lower pathogenicity. Picornavirus surveillance is important not only for monitoring the changing epidemiology of these infections but also for the rapid identification of spread of emerging EV and/or HPeV types.

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