scholarly journals Hippocampal necrosis and sclerosis in cats: A retrospective study of 35 cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Klang ◽  
Sandra Högler ◽  
Nora Nedorost ◽  
Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang ◽  
Ákos Pákozdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Hippocampal Necrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates ◽  
Suppurative Inflammation ◽  
Adjacent Brain

Hippocampal necrosis and hippocampal sclerosis in cats is a neuropathological entity which is a major concern in feline epilepsy. The aim of our study was to identify associated pathologic brain lesions possibly serving as aetiological triggers in this condition. Therefore, the formalin-fixed and paraffin waxembedded brain tissue of 35 cats diagnosed with hippocampal necrosis or sclerosis was examined retrospectively. In 26 cats inflammatory infiltrates could be found in the hippocampus or adjacent brain regions. Fifteen out of these animals demonstrated mild to moderate infiltrations by lymphocytes and complement deposition in the hippocampus similar to human limbic encephalitis, seven showed unspecific, predominantly non-suppurative inflammation, and two demonstrated suppurative inflammation of the hippocampus or adjacent brain regions. Additionally, one cat was diagnosed with central nervous manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis virus and another one with cerebral Toxoplasma gondii infection. Intracranial neoplasia was present in five cases altogether. Three of them comprised meningioma which was present additionally to lesions resembling limbic encephalitis in two cases, and a dentate gyrus alteration in one case. The other two tumour-associated cases comprised oligodendroglioma. Structural alterations of the dentate gyrus together with hippocampal sclerosis were encountered in three cases in total. Besides the case associated with a meningioma, one case demonstrated lesions resembling limbic encephalitis. A vascular infarct in the temporal lobe was encountered in one cat. In four cases no lesions other than hippocampal necrosis or sclerosis were found. The involvement of feline immunodeficiency virus infections, which may be able to produce hippocampal lesions, was not encountered in the cats examined.

scholarly journals Balloon cells in the dentate gyrus in hippocampal sclerosis associated with non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis

Seizure ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Miyahara ◽  
Masae Ryufuku ◽  
Yong-Juan Fu ◽  
Hiroki Kitaura ◽  
Hiroatsu Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Balloon Cells

Survival of mossy cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in humans with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Seress ◽  
Hajnalka Ábrahám ◽  
Zsolt Horváth ◽  
Tamás Dóczi ◽  
József Janszky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Mossy Cells ◽  
Mesial Temporal Lobe

Object Hippocampal sclerosis can be identified in most patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Surgical removal of the sclerotic hippocampus is widely performed to treat patients with drug-resistant mesial TLE. In general, both epilepsy-prone and epilepsy-resistant neurons are believed to be in the hippocampal formation. The hilar mossy cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus are usually considered one of the most vulnerable types of neurons. The aim of this study was to clarify the fate of mossy cells in the hippocampus in epileptic humans. Methods Of the 19 patients included in this study, 15 underwent temporal lobe resection because of drug-resistant TLE. Four patients were used as controls because they harbored tumors that had not invaded the hippocampus and they had experienced no seizures. Histological evaluation of resected hippocampal tissues was performed using immunohistochemistry. Results Mossy cells were identified in the control as well as the epileptic hippocampi by using cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide immunohistochemistry. In most cases the number of mossy cells was reduced and thorny excrescences were smaller in the epileptic hippocampi than in controls; however, there was a significant loss of pyramidal cells and a partial loss of granule cells in the same epileptic hippocampi in which mossy cell loss was apparent. The loss of mossy cells could be correlated with the extent of hippocampal sclerosis, patient age at seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, and frequency of seizures. Conclusions In many cases large numbers of mossy cells were present in the hilus of the dentate gyrus when most pyramidal neurons of the CA1 and CA3 areas of the Ammon's horn were lost, suggesting that mossy cells may not be more vulnerable to epileptic seizures than the hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

scholarly journals Bilateral Dentate Gyrus Structural Alterations in a Cat Associated With Hippocampal Sclerosis and Intraventricular Meningioma

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1183-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Klang ◽  
D. Thaller ◽  
P. Schmidt ◽  
G. G. Kovacs ◽  
P. Halasz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Intraventricular Meningioma

scholarly journals The Proliferation of Dentate Gyrus Progenitors in the Ferret Hippocampus by Neonatal Exposure to Valproic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Sawada ◽  
Shiori Kamiya ◽  
Ichio Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
S100 Protein ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Neonatal Exposure

Prenatal and neonatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is associated with human autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can alter the development of several brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and amygdala. Neonatal VPA exposure induces ASD-like behavioral abnormalities in a gyrencephalic mammal, ferret, but it has not been evaluated in brain regions other than the cerebral cortex in this animal. This study aimed to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of brain abnormalities induced by developmental VPA exposure in ferrets. We examined gross structural changes in the hippocampus and tracked proliferative cells by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling following VPA administration to ferret infants on postnatal days (PDs) 6 and 7 at 200 μg/g of body weight. Ex vivo short repetition time/time to echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high spatial resolution at 7-T was obtained from the fixed brain of PD 20 ferrets. The hippocampal volume estimated using MRI-based volumetry was not significantly different between the two groups of ferrets, and optical comparisons on coronal magnetic resonance images revealed no differences in gross structures of the hippocampus between VPA-treated and control ferrets. BrdU-labeled cells were observed throughout the hippocampus of both two groups at PD 20. BrdU-labeled cells were immunopositive for Sox2 (>70%) and almost immunonegative for NeuN, S100 protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. BrdU-labeled Sox2-positive progenitors were abundant, particularly in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), and were denser in VPA-treated ferrets. When BrdU-labeled Sox2-positive progenitors were examined at 2 h after the second VPA administration on PD 7, their density in the granular/subgranular layer and hilus of the DG was significantly greater in VPA-treated ferrets compared to controls. The findings suggest that VPA exposure to ferret infants facilitates the proliferation of DG progenitors, supplying excessive progenitors for hippocampal adult neurogenesis to the subgranular layer.

scholarly journals FMRI Investigation of Spatial Memory Abilities in Individuals Living With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne K. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Spatial Strategy ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Different strategies dependent on different brain regions may be spontaneously adopted to solve most spatial memory and navigation tasks. For this dissertation, I used brain-imaging and cognitive tasks to test the hypothesis that individuals living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have selective hippocampal-dependent spatial memory impairment. A hippocampal-dependent spatial strategy (locale/allocentric/cognitive map/viewpoint-independent) involves relying on learning the relations between landmarks in the environment, whereas a response strategy (taxon/egocentric/viewpoint-dependent) is more associated with caudate function and involves learning a sequence from a single starting position. In Experiment 1, I examined performance and brain activation with fMRI during the 4-on-8 virtual maze (4/8VM) to test the hypothesis of intact response versus impaired spatial memory in SSD. The SSD participants who adopted a spatial strategy performed more poorly and had less hippocampal activation than other groups. In Experiment 2, I further examined these data using multivariate PLS (partial least squares) analyses to identify whole-brain patterns of activation associated with group and strategy differences on the 4/8VM. Results revealed clusters of correlated activation within the temporal lobe unique to the SSD-Spatial group. The SSD Response group activated the same regions as the Healthy groups, but to a greater extent suggesting over-activation. In contrast to the between-subjects nature of strategy differences on the 4/8VM, for Experiment 3 I used the Courtyard Task to seek converging evidence of a selective hippocampal-dependent impairment in spatial memory using a within-subjects design. The Courtyard Task has previously demonstrated impaired performance among individuals with hippocampal lesions under shifted-view (allocentric) but not same-view (egocentric) conditions. Consistent with a profile of hippocampal dysfunction, the SSD group demonstrated a particular deficit under the shifted-view condition. The results support the development of protocols to train impaired hippocampal-dependent abilities and harness non-hippocampal dependent intact abilities. Overall, this dissertation provides valuable information characterizing spatial memory and highlights the importance of strategy use in SSD.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the dentate gyrus in hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy and dementia

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bandopadhyay ◽  
J. Y. W. Liu ◽  
S. M. Sisodiya ◽  
M. Thom
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis

scholarly journals Deleted in colorectal cancer (netrin‐1 receptor) antibodies and limbic encephalitis in a cat with hippocampal necrosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 1440-1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Hasegawa ◽  
Yumi Ohnishi ◽  
Eiji Koyama ◽  
Satoru Matsunaga ◽  
Shouhei Ohtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Deleted In Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Hippocampal Necrosis ◽  
Receptor Antibodies

Balloon cells associated with granule cell dispersion in the dentate gyrus in hippocampal sclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thom ◽  
L. Martinian ◽  
L. O. Caboclo ◽  
A. W. McEvoy ◽  
S. M. Sisodiya
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Balloon Cells ◽  
Cell Dispersion
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