scholarly journals CHANGES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE IN POLAND - TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara GOŁĘBIEWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Lower Quantity ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Generation Level ◽  
Mixed Waste ◽  
Increasing Demand

Increasing demand for consumer goods causes more and more waste. In line with the principle of sustainable development, waste policy should aim at ensuring that waste produced has the least impact on the natural environment. One solution is to use a circular economy. According to this concept waste production should be minimized as much as possible. Therefore, action should be taken to enable all raw materials to "stay" in economy for as long as possible. Main goal of the article is defined as an assess of the changes in the generation and management of municipal waste before and after the amendment of the Clean House Act. As the research tasks were adopted to present changes in waste management legal regulations: • to indicate waste generation level in Poland, • the origin of the waste, • to analyses and evaluate changes in the field of waste recovery, recycling and reuse. In this context there is an important question, how could we decrease production and consumption in order to generate lower quantity of waste or recycle them appropriately and use again. After the entry into force of the law on the maintenance of cleanliness and order in municipalities, there was a decrease in a production of mixed waste. Between 2012-2016 there was an increase in the amount of municipal waste picked up selectively. The amount of mixed waste recycled in 2016 has increased fourfold in comparison to 2012, and the amount of waste recycled has increased by 42 times.

scholarly journals MEASURING THE PROGRESS TOWARDS CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Nicolae Pintilie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Continuous Actions ◽  
Consumption Waste

This paper aims to create an image of progress towards circular economy registered by European Union countries through specific indicators. In this way, this paper is based on the study and analysis of the 13 indicators, grouped on 4 pillars: Production and consumption, Waste management, Secondary raw materials, Competitiveness and innovation. After the presentation of the methodology, the paper develops an analysis in time and space of the selected indicators, then an analysis of the countries with their grouping on clusters, creating a map of them and highlighting the current situation of circular economy in the European Union. Moreover, the paper also presents the evolution of the countries regarding circular economy, which has a big importance taking into account that in the European Union the preoccupations for this concept is higher from one period to another. Among the most interesting results are: (1) a massive concentration of countries with problems for Waste management pillar; (2) Europe is one of the regions with the largest contribution in terms of circular economy, but the concept is developing differently from one country to another; (3) The scoreboard evolution is particularly useful in revealing the continuous actions adopted by countries in order to facilitate the conversion to circular economy. Finally, the paper presents possible limits of the research, but also future directions of its development.

scholarly journals Ecosystems and Global Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (s1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Viliam Novák
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract Increasing population has led to the increasing demand for food, raw materials, and energy. Continuing land use changes, intensification of its exploitation, deforestation, fossil fuel combustion, and related carbon dioxide production have been contributing to change of water and energy balance of the globe, thus changing conditions for life. Other reasons for changing conditions on the Earth are natural changes in interactions between the Earth and outer space. Actual climate change is a part of other global changes resulting in both natural and anthropogenic changes. It is mostly felt as a change of global temperature and increase of precipitation intensities and totals. Flood periods are followed by long periods without precipitations. Increasing population as well as increasing consumption of resources lead to the increasing imbalance between our planet production and consumption. To preserve good conditions for population of the Earth, it is necessary to decrease consumption of energy, raw materials, and food to reach equilibrium between Earth´s ecosystem production and consumption of the ecosystem products.

Ecological Responsibility and Sustainable Development as Preconditions for Development of the Concept of Circular Economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Olja Munitlak Ivanovic
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ecological Responsibility ◽  
Production And Consumption

Ethical and ecological responsibility represent the root of sustainable development taking into account intergenerational justice. Mass production and consumption have left negative effects on the environment. Disregarding ecological responsibility, production processes were mainly based on uncontrollable use of raw materials and non-renewable energy sources. Taking into account limitation of raw materials, economic and ecological disasters, a concept of resilience has been developed to make all elements of society flexible in terms of unwanted shocks. This chapter describes two conceptual economic models: linear and circular. The linear model is based on the principle “take, produce, consume, and throw,” meaning that usability of waste is reduced and that waste is simply thrown out after consumption. Circular economic model takes into account environmental responsibility, but it also makes companies more competitive. Waste is treated and processed adequately and used as raw material in production, thus increasing competitiveness. Waste that cannot be processed is disposed permanently.

scholarly journals Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6401
Author(s):  
Barbara Fura ◽  
Małgorzata Stec ◽  
Teresa Miś
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Member States ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Medium ◽  
The Eu

In this paper, we have analysed the level of advancement in circular economy (CE) in the EU-28 countries. First, we used a synthetic measure to examine CE advancement in EU countries in each of the Eurostat CE distinguished areas, i.e., production and consumption, waste management, secondary raw materials, and competitiveness and innovation. For the empirical analysis, we applied 17 Eurostat indicators to the CE areas. To find the synthetic measure in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016, we used multidimensional comparative analysis, i.e., a zero unitarisation method. Second, based on the synthetic measures of the CE areas, we created a general synthetic measure of the CE advancement of the EU-28 countries as well as the countries’ rankings. Third, we classified the countries into groups according to their level of advancement in CE, i.e., high level, medium–high level, medium–low level and low level groups. Finally, we applied a similarity measure to evaluate the correlation between obtained rankings in two most extreme moments in the period of analysis (2010, 2016). Our analysis covers all EU member states, as well as “old” and “new” EU countries separately. Our results confirm that highly developed Benelux countries, i.e., Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium, have the highest CE advancement level. Malta, Cyprus, Estonia and Greece are the least advanced in CE practice. Apart from that, on average, there is some progress in CE implementation, significant disproportions between the EU countries were observed, especially among the “new” member states.

Mesopotamia and the Gulf: The history of a relationship

Iraq ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Elite Group ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
History Of ◽  
Status Goods ◽  
Increasing Demand

The economic relationship between Mesopotamia and the Gulf is a long one which spans millennia, rather than just a few centuries, and which took many forms. Indeed, it can be suggested that the changing nature of this relationship reflects the economic and social changes taking place in southern Iraq and of the related changes in Dilmun. There was an increasing demand by Mesopotamia for both raw materials and exotica from the sixth millennium, when we have the earliest evidence for a relationship, until the annexation of Dilmun by the Kassites in the mid-second millennium. This increasing demand seems to reflect the growing complexity in social organisation in the region. The emergence of an elite group within society in southern Sumer, first seen in the late Uruk phase, and then notably in the mid-third millennium when the group expanded, encouraged an increased demand for status goods and materials (Van De Mieroop 2002). Such goods are used initially to enhance the power and prestige of the group itself, both by display and by gift-giving, because gift-giving binds both men and gods, through offerings, ever more closely into the group. In Mesopotamia such exotic materials also played a role in the birth of what Baines and Yoffee have called “high culture” in these newly emergent complex societies. Baines and Yoffee define this high culture as “the production and consumption of aesthetic items under the control, and for the benefit of, the inner elite of a civilization” (Baines and Yoffee 1998: 235). High culture becomes a vital part of the identity of any civilization. Maintaining a supply of luxuries thus becomes a political necessity, rather than an indulgence, as it helps the essential identity of the group to survive.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Status and Prospects of Use of Production and Consumption Waste

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-151
Author(s):  
Liudmila Aleksandrovna Kostygova
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Sharp Reduction ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Consumption Waste

The article is based on the analysis of world experience in the field of modern strategies for recycling, utilization and neutralization of waste and identifies ways to improve these processes. It is established that the main focus is on the use of the principles of the circular economy, areas of its development are highlighted. The creation of a closed economic cycle is particularly important area for the development of circular economy. It allows to achieve a sharp reduction in the consumption of primary raw materials and ensure maximum use of waste. It is noted that particular importance is currently being paid to the issue of household waste recycling. It is pointed out that in Russia, a system of legislative and organizational measures has been developed to solve this problem. The author comes to the conclusion that foreign and domestic experience shows that the implementation of circular economy approaches at the regional and interregional level is most fully implemented in cluster structures.

scholarly journals Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Fura ◽  
Małgorzata Stec ◽  
Teresa Miś
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Member States ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Medium ◽  
The Eu

In this paper, we have analysed the level of advancement in circular economy (CE) in the EU-28 countries. Firstly, we used a synthetic measure to examine CE advancement in EU countries in each of the Eurostat CE distinguished areas, i.e. production and consumption, waste management, secondary raw materials, and competitiveness and innovation. For the empirical analysis, we applied 17 Eurostat indicators to the CE areas. To find the synthetic measure in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016, we used multidimensional comparative analysis, i.e. a zero unitarisation method. Secondly, based on the synthetic measures of the CE areas, we created a general synthetic measure of the CE advancement of the EU-28 countries as well as the countries’ rankings. Thirdly, we classified the countries into groups according to their level of advancement in CE, i.e. high level, medium-high level, medium-low level, and low level groups. Finally, we applied a similarity measure to evaluate the correlation between obtained rankings in two most extreme moments in the period of analysis (2010, 2016). Our analysis covers all EU member states, as well as "old" and "new" EU countries separately. Our results confirm that highly developed Benelux countries, i.e. Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium, have the highest CE advancement level. Malta, Cyprus, Estonia, and Greece are the least advanced in CE practice. Apart from that, on average, there is some progress in CE implementation, significant disproportions between the EU countries were observed, especially among the "new" member states.

The dynamic interaction between circular economy and the environment: Evidence on EU countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110570
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Tien Pao ◽  
Chun-Chih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Short Run

This study examined the causal dynamics between circular economy (CE) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in European Union (EU) countries. The selected CE indicators included the trade in recyclable raw materials (TRM) and the circular material use rate (CMR) in the secondary raw materials area, the generation of municipal waste per capita (GMWp) in the production and consumption area and the recycling rate of municipal waste (RMW) in the area of waste management. The coefficients of the panel cointegration equations showed that for every 1 percentage point increase in RMW, average CO2 emissions decreased by 0.5%, while for every 1 percentage point increase in GMWp and TRM, the average CO2 emissions increased by 0.263% and 0.101%, respectively. It also showed that the recycling volumes and recycling rate had a positive but very limited impact on the CMR. The panel vector error correction model result showed that there were long-run bidirectional causalities between CE indicators and carbon emissions, and the TRM had a short-run negative impact on waste generation. However, the short-run impact of CE indicators on carbon emissions was not significant, which may be because the European CE is still in its infancy. The finding suggests that policymakers should adopt multilateral policies such as reducing carbon emissions, improving the efficiency and productivity of resource management and waste recycling, and increasing investment and innovation in the secondary raw materials market to achieve resource decoupling and impact decoupling. The decoupling of these two types is a necessary condition for sustainable development.

scholarly journals MSWI Bottom Ash Utilization in Concrete Mixes

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milda Pundinaitė-Barsteigienė ◽  
Darius Bačinskas ◽  
Edmundas Spudulis ◽  
Deividas Rumšys
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Mswi Bottom Ash ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Fine Aggregates ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Municipal Waste Incineration

In recent years, along with the global development of the Circular Economy concept and in order to minimise the quantity of waste disposed, waste recovery and reuse of recovered materials as raw materials in various industries while preserving the natural resources is strongly encouraged. One of the strands in development of these trends is the reuse of slag (bottom ash) produced from municipal waste incineration in concrete mixes. The article gives a brief overview of the possibilities for the use of slag produced during the municipal waste incineration for the formation of concrete mixes. A brief overview of global experience in this area has been provided. The technological process of waste incineration in Lithuania and the chemical composition of the resulting ash have been described in general terms. The results of preliminary tests of concrete mixes with bottom ash performed at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University have been presented. The tests performed show that a properly selected content of bottom ash can be used as a substitute for fine aggregates in concrete mixes. The initial results give impetus to further research in the field of application of secondary raw materials for concrete mixes.

Ecological Responsibility and Sustainable Development as Preconditions for Development of the Concept of Circular Economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Olja Munitlak Ivanovic
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ecological Responsibility ◽  
Production And Consumption

Ethical and ecological responsibility represent the root of sustainable development taking into account intergenerational justice. Mass production and consumption have left negative effects on the environment. Disregarding ecological responsibility, production processes were mainly based on uncontrollable use of raw materials and non-renewable energy sources. Taking into account limitation of raw materials, economic and ecological disasters, a concept of resilience has been developed to make all elements of society flexible in terms of unwanted shocks. This chapter describes two conceptual economic models: linear and circular. The linear model is based on the principle “take, produce, consume, and throw,” meaning that usability of waste is reduced and that waste is simply thrown out after consumption. Circular economic model takes into account environmental responsibility, but it also makes companies more competitive. Waste is treated and processed adequately and used as raw material in production, thus increasing competitiveness. Waste that cannot be processed is disposed permanently.

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