scholarly journals PERFORMANCE AND SHORT TERM DURABILITY OF PALM KERNEL SHELL AS A SUBSTRATE MATERIAL IN A PILOT HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Mbanefo Okoye ◽  
Chimaobi Nnaemeka Madubuike ◽  
Ifeanyi Uba Nwuba ◽  
Sampson Nonso Ozokoli ◽  
Boniface Obi Ugwuishiwu
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands is one of the effective and low-cost technologies to improve the quality of slaughterhouse effluent. This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of palm kernel shell as a substrate material for constructed wetlands treating slaughterhouse wastewater. Rhizomes of Thalia Geniculata and Typha Latifolia were grown in four pilot horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland beds filled with palm kernel shell and grave, and their growth and treatment performance evaluated. The results of the study showed that Thalia Geniculata survives and proliferates in palm kernel shell bed. The mean removal rates of 72.81% (BOD5), 89.87% (TSS), 39.42% (NH4-N), 60.79% (NO3-N) and 42.52% (PO43-) for the palm kernel shell were comparable to the values obtained for the gravel bed. The study proved that palm kernel shell, as a substrate material in constructed wetlands had the potentials to sustain the growth of some macrophytes, as well as the capacity to remove contaminants from wastewater.

scholarly journals Partition and Fate of Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in a Full-Scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Polluted River Water

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Tingting Liu ◽  
En Xie ◽  
Mingxue Liu ◽  
Aizhong Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

When used as highly produced chemicals and widely used plasticizers, Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) have potential risks to human life and the environment. In this study, to assess the distribution and fate of PAEs, specifically inside a full-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, four PAEs including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were investigated. In effluent, PAEs concentration decreased 19.32% (DMP), 19.18% (DEP), 19.40% (DBP), and 48.56% (DEHP), respectively. Within the wetland, PAEs partitioned in water (0.18–1.12 μg/L, 35.38–64.92%), soil (0.44–5.08 μg/g, 1.02–31.33%), plant (0.68–48.6 μg/g, 0.85–36.54%), air and biological transformation (2.72–33.21%). The results indicated that soil and plant adsorption contributed to the majority of PAE removal, digesting DMP (19.32%), DEP (19.18%), DBP (19.40%), and DEHP (48.56%) in constructed wetlands. Moreover, the adsorption was affected by both octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) and transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCF). This work, for the first time, revealed the partition and fate of PAEs in constructed wetlands to the best of our knowledge.

PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH RUMAH SAKIT MENGGUNAKAN HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede H Cahyana
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

Activated sludge is a wastewater treatment reactor widely applied for hospital. The reactor requires a mechanical aerator as a source of oxygen. At the same time, Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland is rarely used. Both types of reactors utilize microbes in reducing pollutants of wastewater. The role of microbes in activated sludge is taken over by microbes that grow in the root zone of Typha latifolia and Vetiver sp. Two laboratory scale reactors were made to get serial data on the performance of the two plants in treating hospital wastewater. The result, the removal efficiency of COD on Q1 = 0.13 l/h and COD on Q2 = 0.43 l/h for Typha latifolia plants were 87.71% and 67.61%. On Vetiver sp. plants were 90,07% and 68,32%. The removal efficiency of BOD5 on Q1 = 0.13 l/h and Q2 = 0.43 l/h for Typha latifolia plants were 90.00% and 71.7%. On Vetiver sp. plants were 91.69% and 73.29%. The efficiency of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen removal (TKN) Q1 = 0.13 l/h and Q2 = 0.43 l/h for Typha latifolia plants were 91.27% and 61.54%, whereas in Vetiver sp. plants were 92.01% and 62.68%. Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland is capable and feasible for hospital wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of two-stage horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia in treating anaerobic reactor brewery effluent at different hydraulic residence times

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermias Alayu ◽  
Seyoum Leta
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Anaerobic Reactor ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow ◽  
Cyperus Alternifolius ◽  
Brewery Effluent

Abstract Background Agro-industrial wastewaters in Ethiopia cause severe environmental pollution problems. Research evidence showed that anaerobic reactors are good options for the treatment of these wastewaters. But, their final effluent does not meet the discharge standards. Conversely, a series stage horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) system is encouraging for the polishing of anaerobic reactor effluents. However, its treatment efficiency is dependent on hydraulic residence time (HRT). Cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia-based wastewater treatment showed good removal efficiencies individually. However, data on their combined treatment effectiveness is negligible. Therefore, this study assesses HRT influences on the treatment effectiveness of a two-stage HSSFCW system planted with these two macrophytes for the polishing of anaerobic reactor brewery effluent. A series connected two-stage HSSFCW unit planted with Cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia was built to treat Kombolcha brewery anaerobic reactor effluent. Then, the macrophytes were endorsed to grow with continuous application of diluted brewery effluent from a reservoir tank using gravity force. After dense stand formation, the experiment was initiated to determine the influence of HRTs on the removal efficiency of a complete wetland system. The system was operated sequentially by supplying fixed influent inflow rates of 2791, 1395, 930, 698, and 558 L day−1, respectively, for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days HRT. Both the influent and effluent of the two-stage HSSFCW system were analyzed following common procedures for main brewery pollutants. Result Results showed that as HRT increased from 1 to 5 days, the effluent pH and temperature were decreased along with enhanced pollutant removals ranging from 47.8–87.2%, 29.2–90.1%, 32.9–77.7%, 16.8–75.4%, and 18.4–76.8% with decreased influent mass loading rates ranging from 26.4–2.1, 64.5–7.3, 11.5–0.8, 5–0.6, and 3.8–0.4 gm−2 day−1, respectively, for total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorous and orthophosphate. However, better and steadier pollutant removals were achieved at higher HRTs. Conclusion For better nutrient removals, the 4 and 5 days HRT can serve as a good benchmark.

Role of vegetation (Typha latifolia) on nutrient removal in a horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland treating UASB reactor–trickling filter effluent

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1004-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocilene Ferreira da Costa ◽  
Weber Luiz Pinto Martins ◽  
Martin Seidl ◽  
Marcos von Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

The main objective of the work is to characterize the role of plants in a constructed wetland in the removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The experiments were carried out in a full-scale system in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, with two parallel horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland units (one planted with Typha latifolia and one unplanted) treating the effluent from a system composed of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and a trickling filter (TF). Each wetland unit received a mean flow of approximately 8.5 m³ d−1 (population equivalent around 60 inhabitants each), with a surface hydraulic loading rate 0.12 m3m−2d−1. The experiments were conducted from September 2011 to July 2013. Mean effluent concentrations from the wetlands were: (a) planted unit total nitrogen (TN) 22 mg L−1, ammonia-N 19 mg L−1, nitrite-N 0.10 mg L−1, nitrate-N 0.25 mg L−1, P-total 1.31 mg L−1; and (b) unplanted unit TN 24 mg L−1, ammonia-N 20 mg L−1, nitrite-N 0.54 mg mL−1, nitrate-N 0.15 mg L−1, P-total 1.31 mg L−1. The aerial part of the plant contained mean values of 24.1 gN (kg dry matter)−1 and 4.4 gP (kg dry matter)−1, and the plant root zone was composed of 16.5 gN (kg dry matter)−1 and 4.1 gP (kg dry matter)−1. The mean extraction of N by the plant biomass was 726 kgN ha−1y−1, corresponding to 17% of the N load removed. For P, the extraction by the plant biomass was 105 kgP ha−1y−1, corresponding to 9% of the P load removed. These results reinforce the reports that N and P removal due to plant uptake is a minor mechanism in horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands operating under similar loading rates, typical for polishing of sanitary effluent.

Construction and maintenance cost analyzing of constructed wetland systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gunes ◽  
B. Tuncsiper ◽  
F. Masi ◽  
S. Ayaz ◽  
D. Leszczynska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Wetland System ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

Nowadays, use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment especially in rural areas has become increasingly preferable. The most important reason behind this fact is its relatively low investment cost over other treatment options depending on economical conditions of the country. Nonetheless, due to lower operational costs of constructed wetlands than other conventional wastewater treatment systems, investment costs could be regarded secondary as of importance. Investment costs could show differences even at regional scale in a country. Choosing a constructed wetland system among “Subsurface Horizontal Flow”, “Subsurface Vertical Flow” or “Free Water Surface Flow”; or designing a hybrid system using concurrent systems plays important role when defining costs of the constructed wetland systems. Due to increasing interest for constructed wetlands since 2003, so many constructed wetland systems have been built in rural parts of Turkey and most of these systems have been designed as horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system. As a fact, the cost of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands is comparatively higher than other wetland systems. When different applications in the world are examined, it is observed that mostly horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland systems are preferred in rural areas. According to the studies within the extent of this work, different constructed wetland types which are built in different regions of Turkey and their expected and realized costs are analyzed and compared with other countries. Moreover, operational costs have been calculated. Consequently, a work to be taken as reference for further scientific studies has been prepared with presented wetland analyses which could be used by especially decision makers and researchers.

scholarly journals Effect of HRT and seasons on the performance of pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland to treat rural wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shruthi ◽  
G. P. Shivashankara
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow ◽  
Rural Wastewater

Abstract To find the effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and seasons on the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) in treating rural wastewater, a pilot scale unit 2.5 m × 0.4 m × 0.3 m size bed planted with a Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis was operated for a 12-month duration. During the study 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days of HRT were maintained in winter, summer, and rainy seasons. The removal efficiency obtained was ranges from 62.09 to 87.23% for Chemical Oxygen Demand, 69.58% to 93.32% for Biochemical Oxygen Demand5 (BOD), 31.55% to 59.89% for Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N), 15.18% to 52.90% for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 21.02% to 50.21% for Phosphate Phosphorus (PO43− P), 19.82% to 48.23% for, Total phosphorus (TP), 74.93% to 93.10% for Faecal Coliform (FC) and 69.93% to 90.23% Total Coliform (TC). Overall, results showed that the performance of the unit was good. For statistical analysis two way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test was used with a 95% level of significance. It was observed that the removal efficiency of the pollutants were increased with an increase in HRT. HRT of 6 days found as adequate for significant removal of organic matter (COD and BOD). Seasonal removal efficiencies followed the order of summer > rainy > winter for all the parameters, but the difference was not statistically significant.

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