scholarly journals Структура та розвиток судин брижі кишечнику

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (78) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
A.M. Tybinka
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complex Receptor ◽  
Functional Features

The review of the results of various scientific studies, reflecting the processes of age formation of morphological and functional features of the mesenteric intestinal vessels, is presented. In this case, it has been shown that the formation of the microcirculatory channel of mesentery begins in its separate segments. Firstly, there are separate arterial and venous loops, in the middle of which one can see the capillaries. The branched net of capillaries is gradually formed and the number of arterioles and venules increases, and their diameter also increases. This process is closely related to the age-related growth of the area of the mesentery segments themselves.The process of changing the conditions of the external and internal environment of the organism (starvation, gravitational influences, hypodynamia) causes the formation of morphological reactions from the side of the vessels of the microcirculatory channel of the intestinal wall and ripples that have a phase character.Nerve trunks can be often satellites of vessels. Since they approach the intestinal wall, their number and thickness significantly decreases. Sympathetic nerve trunks around the vessels form a highly developed plexus, in which both non-myelin and myelin fibers are detected. A great number of these fibers further includes the nerve mesh on the border between the outer and middle (muscle) vessels of the vessels. The density and structure of these nerve plexuses is significantly different in the arterial and venous vessels of mesentery.In addition to nerve fibers in the outer envelope of the vessels, the complex receptor structures of different sizes can also occur. In the surface layers of the outer vascular, or in the connective tissue around it, nerve cells are found, which are either single or micro-nodes. The neurons found can be divided by structure into: multipole or pseudo-unipolar. The arteries, which supply blood to the anterior sections of the intestine, are characterized by a greater saturation of the nerve cells compared with the vessels carrying the blood to its caudal regions. Embryonic development of the nervous structures of the vascular wall is closely related to the development of the vessels themselves, and especially the formation of their muscular membrane. The main trend of this process is directed to the gradual complication of the nervous components, which is reflected in the functional capabilities of the vessels.

Endings of the vagus nerve fibers in the mammalian heart

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
B. I. Lavrent'ev
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Mammalian Heart ◽  
Cardiac Ganglia ◽  
Important Study ◽  
Spiral Fibers

In 1893, Prof. V.V. Nikolaev, having cut vagus nerves of a frog, saw under a microscope degeneration of so-called spiral fibers and pericellular apparatuses on nerve cells of intracardiac nodes. Later these observations were thoroughly verified by Prof. D.V. Polumordvinov and fully confirmed by him. I had a chance to look through amazing by technique preparations of the late Prof. Polumordvinov, obtained by methylene blue method, on which decay of pericellular apparatuses in cardiac ganglia of a frog was absolutely clearly visible. D. V-ch, who died untimely in 1919, unfortunately, did not have time to publish in detail his important study; the manuscript and drawings of his work also remained undiscovered.

The Colon, Appendix, Rectum, and Anus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Chu ◽  
Margaret M Romine
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Surgery ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Functional Features

The colon, appendix, rectum, and anus have unique anatomic features, both structural and functional, that contribute to normal and pathologic states. Structural features discussed in this review include the layers of the intestinal wall, vascular anatomy, lymphatic drainage, and innervation. Functional features highlighted include the role(s) each organ plays in immunity, nutrient absorption, electrolyte secretion, water absorption, continence, and elimination of waste. A clear understanding of these structural and functional details is the foundation on which surgical techniques and treatment strategies are based when addressing surgical pathology. Key words: anus, appendix, colon, colorectal pathology, colorectal surgery, rectum

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3759
Author(s):  
Varsha D. Badal ◽  
Eleonora D. Vaccariello ◽  
Emily R. Murray ◽  
Kasey E. Yu ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Functional Pathways

Aging is determined by complex interactions among genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome lies at the core of many age-associated changes, including immune system dysregulation and susceptibility to diseases. The gut microbiota undergoes extensive changes across the lifespan, and age-related processes may influence the gut microbiota and its related metabolic alterations. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on aging-associated alterations in diversity, composition, and functional features of the gut microbiota. We identified 27 empirical human studies of normal and successful aging suitable for inclusion. Alpha diversity of microbial taxa, functional pathways, and metabolites was higher in older adults, particularly among the oldest-old adults, compared to younger individuals. Beta diversity distances significantly differed across various developmental stages and were different even between oldest-old and younger-old adults. Differences in taxonomic composition and functional potential varied across studies, but Akkermansia was most consistently reported to be relatively more abundant with aging, whereas Faecalibacterium, Bacteroidaceae, and Lachnospiraceae were relatively reduced. Older adults have reduced pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis; however, oldest-old adults exhibited functional differences that distinguished their microbiota from that of young-old adults, such as greater potential for short-chain fatty acid production and increased butyrate derivatives. Although a definitive interpretation is limited by the cross-sectional design of published reports, we integrated findings of microbial composition and downstream functional pathways and metabolites, offering possible explanations regarding age-related processes.

Anatomical and functional features of corneal nerve fibers and methods of their evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Avetisov ◽  
N. A. Chernenkova ◽  
Z. V. Surnina
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Corneal Nerve ◽  
Functional Features

scholarly journals A Qualitative and Quantitative Study on the Enkephalinergic Innervation of the Pig Gastrointestinal Tract

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Porcher ◽  
Yvon Julé ◽  
Monique Henry
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle Layer ◽  
Submucous Plexus ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative

Enkephalins are involved in neural control of digestive functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. To better understand their role in pigs, we analyzed the qualitative and quantitative distribution of enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR) in components of the intestinal wall from the esophagus to the anal sphincter. Immunohistochemical labelings were analyzed using conventional fluorescence and confocal microscopy. ENK-IR was compared with the synaptophysin immunoreactivity (SYN-IR). The results show that maximal ENK-IR levels in the entire digestive tract are reached in the myenteric plexuses and, to a lesser extent, in the external submucous plexus and the circular muscle layer. In the longitudinal muscle layer, ENK-IR was present in the esophagus, stomach, rectum, and anal sphincter, whereas it was absent from the duodenum to the distal colon. In the ENK-IR plexuses and muscle layers, more than 60% of the nerve fibers identified by SYN-IR expressed ENK-IR. No ENK-IR was observed in the internal submucous plexus and the mucosa; the latter was found to contain ENK-IR endocrine cells. These results strongly suggest that, in pigs, enkephalins play a major role in the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the neural control of digestive motility.

scholarly journals Clinical Features, Prognosis, and Long-Term Response to Ranibizumab of Macular CNVs in Pattern Dystrophies Spectrum: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Casillo ◽  
Stefano Tricarico ◽  
Laura Contento ◽  
Enzo M. Vingolo
Keyword(s):  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Subretinal Fluid ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Intravitreal Ranibizumab ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
Term Response

Introduction. To analyze the morphological and functional features of choroidal neovascularizations (CNVs) in eyes affected by pattern dystrophies (PD), evaluating their long-term response to intravitreal ranibizumab, and comparing them with CNVs in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The mean goal is to identify possible disease biomarkers and to evaluate the long-term prognosis of CNVs in PD. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study of 42 patients with naïve CNV (26 PD and 16 AMD), for a total of 47 eyes (29 eyes in the PD group and 18 eyes in the AMD group). Each patient received a loading dose of ranibizumab (one monthly for three months) followed by pro re nata (PRN) reinjection protocol for a period of at least three years. Morphological OCT parameters (CRT, central retinal thickness; SRF, subretinal fluid; IRF, intraretinal fluid; SHRM, subretinal hyperreflective material; HRF, hyperreflective foci; HCD, hyperreflective crystalline deposits; cCT, central choroidal thickness; slCT, sublesional choroidal thickness; EZd, ellipsoid zone disruption; and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA in logMAR scale)) were reported at baseline and last follow-up. Results. At baseline, no significant differences were found between the two groups, except for choroidal thickness parameters that were significantly greater in the PD group ( p  = 0.009). Longitudinal PD analysis demonstrated reduction in BCVA ( p  = 0.009), decrease in CRT ( p  = 0.046), resolution of SRF in 61.6% of cases ( p  = 0.004) and SHRM in 30% ( p  = 0.034), and choroidal thinning both centrally ( p  = 0.004) and sublesional ( p  = 0.011) compared to baseline. At 3 years, the PD group received significantly more injections than the AMD ( p  = 0.011) and showed significantly thicker choroid ( p  = 0.033) and more frequent HRF ( p  = 0.006). Regarding the PD group, we found a negative correlation between age and choroidal thicknesses at baseline and at 3 years ( p  < 0.05); significant positive correlations were found between baseline BCVA and at 3 years ( p  < 0.001), BCVA at 3 years and IRF ( p  = 0.003) and SHRM at 3 years ( p  = 0.003); CRT baseline and CRT 3 years ( p  = 0.017); HCD at 3 years was associated with greater CRT ( p  = 0.04) and IRF at 3 years ( p  = 0.019). Conclusions. Early and long-term morphofunctional features of CNVs in PD and in AMD are overlapping. CNVs in PD have poorer long-term response to ranibizumab and higher choroidal thickness suggesting different pathogenetic and evolutionary mechanisms.

scholarly journals Unruptured internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm splitting the oculomotor nerve: A case report and literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Inoue ◽  
Akihito Hashiguchi ◽  
Koichi Moroki ◽  
Hajime Tokuda
Keyword(s):  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Oculomotor Nerve ◽  
Posterior Communicating Artery ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Multiple Fibers ◽  
Loss Of Compactness

Background: Although it is well known that internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (ICA-PcomA) aneurysms compress the oculomotor nerve and cause nerve palsy, cases of ICA-PcomA aneurysms splitting the oculomotor nerve are extremely rare. Case Description: We present the rare case of an asymptomatic, growing, left-sided ICA-PcomA aneurysm that was confirmed to split the oculomotor nerve. We report the clinical course and discuss the underlying mechanism. The oculomotor nerve, which is an aggregate of multiple fibers, exhibits age-related loss of compactness in the arrangement of its nerve fibers. Conclusion: We speculate that injury to the nerve fibers by aneurysmal compression was avoided because of the rare phenomenon of splitting of the oculomotor nerve.

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