scholarly journals Student Academic Union of Kyiv Commercial Institute of the beginning at the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Аndrii Chutkyi
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Academic Union

The aim of the article is to explore the reasons and the essence of pro-government sympathies in the student surrounding in the Ukrainian lands at the beginning of the 20th century, when they were a part of the Russian Empire. The article is based on the analysis of the statute and biographies of the members of the student Academic Union in Kyiv Commercial Institute; to identify factual material to supplement the reconstruction of the history of students in Ukraine in the early XX century, in particular the daily life of students and their corporate consciousness. Research methods are synthesis of general scientific (analysis, objectivity, synthesis, generalization) and special scientific (historical-genetic, historical-systemic, comparative, prosopographical) methods. The main result is the introduction of a set of archival documents related to the student Academic Union and its members to the scientific circulation. This allowed to characterize the representatives of the youth of that time, who were included into the academic movement, and to analyze their paths in the student years. In particular, it was found that representatives of the titular ethnic group of the empire were mainly included into the academic movements. But other nationalities, who were active, also were involved in it. The vast majority of participants of the academic movement were characterized as those who had high ambitions and unsatisfactory financial situation. Accordingly, they joined this movement with purely pragmatic purpose, and it was testified by the circumstances of World War I, when the vast majority of such individuals used all possibilities to avoid mobilization. This discrepancy between the number and the real percentage of sincere adherents of the imperial power in pro-government organizations in general partly explains the latter's inflated calculations on the impossibility of the emergence of powerful internal protest movements. The other reason is ignoring the thought of the masses by the Russian Empire government. The practical importance is to create a scheme for further research of pro-government movements in modern Ukraine. Also, it can help to develop approaches to detect appropriate manipulations in information space and fight with them effectively. The originality is due to the intensification of the theme of the fifth column in national history. The type of article is empirical.

scholarly journals Русины і їх путь до Чехословакії (1918-1919)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 161-184
Author(s):  
Peter Švorc
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Russian Empire

Rusyns and Their Way to CzechoslovakiaThe first great military conflict of the 20th century in Europe, World War I, also affected the area of north‑ eastern Slovakia and present‑day Transcarpathia and, to a great extent, those villages where Rusyns lived. These Rusyns were later, after the Russian army retreated, accused of supporting it and many were, thus, persecuted and victimised by the Hungarian government. That, later, played a considerable role in the way Rusyns thought of the future position of the territory they lived in. When the war ended, Rusyns considered several ways of changing their position in Central Europe. From their viewpoint, there were the following options: 1) Subcarpathian Rus as an autonomous part of historical Hungary, or Hungarian Republic; 2) Subcarpathian Rus as part of the Russian Empire; 3) Subcarpathian Rus΄ as part of a united Ukraine; 4) Subcarpathian Rus as an independent state; 5) Subcarpathian Rus as part of the Czechoslovak state. What came to pass was the fifth alternative. Based on the Treaty of Saint‑Germain from September 10th, 1919, the area of Subcarpathian Rus became part of Czechoslovakia with autonomous status.

scholarly journals Activities of the Mining Police in Pre-Revolutionary Russia in the Early 20th Century (the Irkutsk and Priamursk Governorates-general, as an Example)

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
S.M. Belozercev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Police Chiefs ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Far Eastern

The article is devoted to a less studied topic — research of the main directions of activity of mining police of the beginning of the 20th century in the East of Russia. Far Eastern and East Siberian mining-police units were headed by the mining police chiefs (ispravniki), who were subordinate in their activities — the Irkutsk and Priamursk governorates-general. In the East of Russia, the mining police at the beginning of the 20th century carried out activities to protect public order, monitor compliance with criminal, labour and commercial legislation in the zone of mountain districts. The article deals with the structure of the mining police, the powers of the mining police. Normative legal acts regulating the regular construction of mining police in the region under study are being studied. The materials of the study were articles of scientists, norms of legislation of the Russian Empire, departmental acts of the Ministry of State Property, archival documents. The methodological basis of the study is a set of popular scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and special methods — historical-legal, systemic-structural, comparative-legal. The result of the study was an analysis of the process of gradual change of the legislation of the Russian Empire in terms of the description of the functions of the mining police in the zone of mines of the Irkutsk and Priamursk governorates-general.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Vadim Mikhailov ◽  
Konstantin Losev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

Due Process in Wartime? Secret Imperial Russian Police Files on the Forced Relocation of Russian Germans during World War I

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-611
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Vakareliyska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Germans From Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Germans ◽  
The Military

In 1762 and 1763, manifestos were issued by Catherine II, and later were extended further by her son Paul I, inviting foreign artisans and others to settle in far-flung rural areas of the Russian Empire in order to help strengthen the economy. Under a policy somewhat similar to the later US Homestead Act, under the manifestos German and other foreign-national settlers and their descendants were offered Russian citizenship, land ownership after three years, religious tolerance (including, in the case of Germans, German clergy and German-language churches), and exemption from the military draft—although by the end of the nineteenth century the last of these had been rescinded. The call was not restricted to Germans, but Germans comprised the largest group to take advantage of it, settling for the most part in Ukraine, Bessarabia, and the mid-Volga region. Those who participated in the migration, known as the Auswanderung, and their descendants are often referred to in English as “Russian Germans” or “Germans from Russia” (rossiiskie nemtsy). A second wave of German immigration occurred in 1894, when some Germans who had settled in Prussia moved across the border into Russia. By 1897, there were over 2 million German immigrants and descendants in the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
I. K. Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.

scholarly journals POLITICAL POLICE OF KOSTROMA PROVINCE AND ITS CADRE PERSONNEL IN 1826–1867

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Gennadiy G. Bril’ ◽  
Leonid N. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Order ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Successful Career ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the process of origin and formation of the political police of Kostroma Province in the mid-19th century. Special attention is paid to the issue of its staffi ng and the wide use of army offi cers for service in the political police. The chronological framework covers a little-studied period of activity of the political police in Kostroma Province. The authors of the article note that the Highest orders of military ranks that had a special place in the appointment of the headquarters and chief offi cers of the political police. On the basis of archival materials, the main directions of service activities of the highest ranks of the political police in the region are analysed. The article reveals the contribution of the gendarmes’ Corps chiefs to the protection of public order during the period under review. The author reveals the attitude of the authorities to literacy among the lower ranks of the gendarmerie. On the basis of historical and archival documents, it is concluded that the successful career of offi cers was promoted by conscientious performance of their offi cial duties, their «excellent-diligent and zealous service». It is concluded that special attention was paid to discipline among the gendarmes. The political police were independent of other branches of government, and were subordinate only to the headquarters of the gendarmes’ corps and the third division of His Imperial Majesty’s own offi ce. Gaps in the historical and legal coverage of the work of the state security Agency in the province of the Russian Empire at the fi rst stage of its existence are fi lled.

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