scholarly journals Effect of traditional agriculture technology on communities of soil invertebrates

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Andrusevich ◽  
M. M. Nazarenko ◽  
T. Yu. Lykholat ◽  
I. P. Grygoryuk
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Invertebrates ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Effective Use

The study of peculiarities specific for the spatial organization of communities of living organisms allows to develop principles of the rational and effective use of the biosphere natural resources and optimal adaptation of mankind to the natural environment. The aim of the research was to study communities of the soil mesofauna as an integral indicator of the state of soils under conditions of applying the traditional farming technology, to carry out the quantitative accounting of the soil mesofauna, and assessment of morphometric parameters of sunflower plants in places of selecting soil and zoological samples, to determine the species composition and abundance, as well as to analyze the ecological structure of the soil mesofauna community. Rheophilous species predominate on black steam, and mesophilic species predominate under sunflower. This can be explained by the fact that in the periodic cultivation of black steam, the evaporation from the soil surface is much higher. Ultra-mega-coenotrophs are dominant on black steam, and megacoenotrophs are dominant under sunflower. Since both demonstration trails are laid on one field, but have strategically been divided into a plot under black steam and a plot under sunflower, one can assume a different degree of saturation of the soil solution, as during the growth the crop being cultivated uses soil nutrients. Among topomorphs of soil animals, exactly soil animals are dominant, which is characteristic for both demonstration trails being studied. In the composition of trophomorphs of soil animals, phytophages are dominant in soil of the test demonstration trail on black steam, and in soil of the test demonstration trail, where sunflower was cultivated, phyto- and saprophages predominate in equal proportions. As a result of the correlation analysis, statistically reliable dependences are obtained: – numbers of soil animals in soil of the demonstration trail on black steam – on the distance from forest belt areas (-0.23) and length and width of sunflower leaves - on the distance from forest belt areas (0.53 and 0.53 respectively). The species composition, abundance and distribution in space of soil invertebrates are an informative indicator, which reflects the ecological state of soils, intensity in development of soil horizons as well as intensity of processes occurring in them.

scholarly journals Ecological space of the sod-lithogenic soils on the red-brown clays animal community

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
K. V. Andrusevych
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Edaphic Factors ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Animal Community ◽  
Living Organisms

The ecological niche is the keystone conception of theoretical ecology. But for its use methodical difficulties appears which can be solved with the help of the number of statistical techniques which includes OMI-analyses. This procedure has given the possibility of visualization of the ecological niche of soil animal community of the sod-lithogenic soils on the red-brown clays. The phenomenon of differentiation of the ecological niche demands the explanation of structuring ecological space and detects of dominant factors which have influenced for the physiognomy of communities of soil animals. The important problem is also to evaluate the role of ecological specialization of animals, which expresses in the terms ecomorphical structure. The usage of RLQ-analyses has permitted to quantity estimate the influence of vegetation features and edaphic factors on the spatial distribution of soil mesofauna. The researching polygon is characterized both the presence of patch with optimal vital activity terms, and with unfavorable conditions. Mesopedobionts within researching polygon have been established as not being ecologically homogeneous. The functional groups A and B embrace in the majority of endogeic animals such as larvae of beetles. The ecologically diverse ecomorphic properties of these groups with high density of the animal community may be determined by the axis number 1. These groups concentrate within 3–4 meters diameter patches with most favorable conditions for vital activity. Such patches are marginal for this polygon. The functional group C is presented by gerpetobiont animals which are able to migrate and relatively tolerant to edaphic factors. That is why centroid of given group is most closely located to the typical condition of this polygon. Considered indicators of soil as environment of living organisms permit to estimate the community’s ecological niche. The quantity characteristics of species ecological niches within researching polygon such as specialization and marginality have been estimated. At first for the characteristics of soil animals’ ecological niches have been used phytoindicator scales and ecomorphical analyses of the vegetations structure and also physiognomy types of it. The selection of functional groups of soil animals and applied for them ecomorphical characteristics are present high information values and conformity of indicator scales for the description of real current types of conditions of ecosystems.

Species composition and diversity of soil animals in the oil shale dump in Maoming, Guangdong Province, China

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-997
Author(s):  
Jianxiong Li ◽  
Chonghui Liao ◽  
Xiaoduan Fang ◽  
Yueping Yang ◽  
Shizhong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Soil Animals

scholarly journals BLACK ALDER DOMINATED FOREST VEGETATION IN THE WESTERN PART OF CENTRAL SLOVAKIA – SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGY

Hacquetia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Richard Hrivnák ◽  
Jaroslav Košťál ◽  
Michal Slezák ◽  
Anna Petrášová ◽  
Melánia Feszterová
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Black Alder

Abstract In some regions of Slovakia, black alder forest vegetation has not been documented appropriately yet. This paper is the first vegetation study presenting the phytosociological data and measured environmental parameters from the western part of central Slovakia. The data set was classified by using a modified TWINSPAN algorithm, which allowed us to discern floristically and ecologically distinctive plant communities. They correspond to the associations Stellario nemorum-Alnetum glutinosae Lohmeyer 1957 (riparian alder vegetation on mesic to humid sites along small brooks) and Carici acutiformis-Alnetum glutinosae Scamoni 1935 (eutrophic black alder carr forests in the colline zone) with the variants of Ligustrum vulgare and Galium palustre. The community Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Schwickerath 1933 (mesotrophic to eutrophic alder carr vegetation growing on permanently waterlogged soils), documented only with two phytosociological relevés, was distinguished following expert knowledge. A floristic and ecological pattern of these associations is presented. The major compositional gradients were interpreted based on Ellenberg’s indicator values and the values of environmental variables recorded during the field sampling in the growing season 2011. The principal component analysis revealed the importance of soil moisture, light availability, portion of open water and soil surface for species composition variability at the association level, whereas the variants of Carici acutiformis-Alnetum glutinosae were sorted along the acidity gradient.

Structural Organization and Species Composition of a Lotic Periphyton Community in Response to Experimental Acidification

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolors Planas ◽  
Louise Lapierre ◽  
Guy Moreau ◽  
Martine Allard
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Periphyton Community ◽  
Experimental Acidification ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
And Control

Changes in species composition, richness, diversity, biomass (biovolume), and spatial community structure of a lotic periphyton community were observed under experimental acidification (mean pH 4.5) with and without aluminum, in troughs fed from an oligo-dystrophic creek (mean pH 6.7). in experimental and control troughs, the community was dominated by diatoms throughout the treatment. Achnanthes linearis was dominant in all troughs before treatment as well as in the control during the experiment. Eunotia pectinalis, which was rare in all troughs before treatment, became dominant in the acidified troughs. After 3 mo of acidification, algal cell density and biomass were respectively 30 and 40–70 times higher in the treated troughs as compared with that in the control. The Sow diversity (H = 1.45–2.30) characteristic of the control trough, increased to 3.3 in the treated troughs after 1 mo of acidification, but after 3 mo of experiment the diversity was slightly lower in experimental troughs. In the control trough, spatial organization of the community was characterized by monolayered arrangements during the whole experiment, in both acidified troughs (acid and acid plus aluminum) the community became multilayered (3–4 layers). The increased complexity of the community in the acidified troughs seemed to be related to a decrease in the abundance of grazers in the periphytic community, mainly the collector–gatherers Ephemeroptera and Orthocladiinae.

scholarly journals Shedding light on biology of bacterial cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1707) ◽  
pp. 20150499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes P. Schneider ◽  
Marek Basler
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Cellular Components

To understand basic principles of living organisms one has to know many different properties of all cellular components, their mutual interactions but also their amounts and spatial organization. Live-cell imaging is one possible approach to obtain such data. To get multiple snapshots of a cellular process, the imaging approach has to be gentle enough to not disrupt basic functions of the cell but also have high temporal and spatial resolution to detect and describe the changes. Light microscopy has become a method of choice and since its early development over 300 years ago revolutionized our understanding of living organisms. As most cellular components are indistinguishable from the rest of the cellular contents, the second revolution came from a discovery of specific labelling techniques, such as fusions to fluorescent proteins that allowed specific tracking of a component of interest. Currently, several different tags can be tracked independently and this allows us to simultaneously monitor the dynamics of several cellular components and from the correlation of their dynamics to infer their respective functions. It is, therefore, not surprising that live-cell fluorescence microscopy significantly advanced our understanding of basic cellular processes. Current cameras are fast enough to detect changes with millisecond time resolution and are sensitive enough to detect even a few photons per pixel. Together with constant improvement of properties of fluorescent tags, it is now possible to track single molecules in living cells over an extended period of time with a great temporal resolution. The parallel development of new illumination and detection techniques allowed breaking the diffraction barrier and thus further pushed the resolution limit of light microscopy. In this review, we would like to cover recent advances in live-cell imaging technology relevant to bacterial cells and provide a few examples of research that has been possible due to imaging. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.

scholarly journals Emergence of proto-organisms from bistable stochastic differentiation and adhesion

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (117) ◽  
pp. 20160108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salva Duran-Nebreda ◽  
Adriano Bonforti ◽  
Raúl Montañez ◽  
Sergi Valverde ◽  
Ricard Solé
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Organizational Complexity ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Differential Adhesion ◽  
Multicellular Aggregates ◽  
Conflict Mediation ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
High Degree

The rise of multicellularity in the early evolution of life represents a major challenge for evolutionary biology. Guidance for finding answers has emerged from disparate fields, from phylogenetics to modelling and synthetic biology, but little is known about the potential origins of multicellular aggregates before genetic programmes took full control of developmental processes. Such aggregates should involve spatial organization of differentiated cells and the modification of flows and concentrations of metabolites within well-defined boundaries. Here, we show that, in an environment where limited nutrients and toxic metabolites are introduced, a population of cells capable of stochastic differentiation and differential adhesion can develop into multicellular aggregates with conflict mediation mechanisms and a complex internal structure. The morphospace of possible patterns is shown to be very rich, including proto-organisms that display a high degree of organizational complexity, far beyond simple heterogeneous populations of cells. Our findings reveal that there is a potentially enormous richness of organismal complexity between simple mixed cooperators and embodied living organisms.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT OF TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Chrystyna Meleshko
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Recreational Services ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Recreational Resources

The article identifies the organizational and economic features of management of tourist and recreational potential of the region. It is noted that the implementation of the functions and principles of organizational and economic management of tourist and recreational potential of the region is carried out by management system. It characterizes management as a system function of interaction of subsystems and elements of the region, which is the process of purposeful influence of the subject of management on the object of management to achieve certain results. That is, the effective management of tourist and recreational potential of the region depends on the form of ownership, the form of government, the level of development of a market economy. In a broader sense, the object of management is the tourist and recreational potential – a set of enterprises, institutions and organizations that carry out the production, sale of recreational services, ie actions aimed at meeting the needs of the population to restore vitality and energy. It is noted that management of tourist and recreational potential is a process of spatial organization, forecasting, planning, control, which are carried out in order to manage tourism in the region. According to the author, management of tourist and recreational potential of the region should be considered as the activity of public authorities to create conditions for the rational and effective use of recreational potential of the region; organizational and legal support and practical implementation of the strategy / program for development of recreational activities in tourist subregions; regulation of subject-object and subject-subject relations arising in the process of using recreational resources at the regional level, in order to ensure coordination of internal and external interests of various stakeholders of recreational activities, as well as their coordination with the local population interests in tourist subregions (recreational areas) and opportunities of the region. It is concluded that management of tourist and recreational potential of the region is formed under the influence of specific organizational and economic features of management and business conditions; organizational and economic components of management of tourist and recreational potential are designed to organize, implement and maintain economic activity, achieve the goals of the region. It is noted that in essence, the organizational and economic components of management of tourist and recreational potential of the region provide a synergy of organizational and economic ways to influence the managed object. On the basis of studied theoretical provisions it is offered to consider organizational and economic features of management of tourist and recreational potential on structural elements of organizational and economic block.

scholarly journals Soil mesofauna amount and diversity by returning fresh and compost of crops biomass waste in ultisols in-situ

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junita Barus ◽  
DIAN MEITHASARI ◽  
JAMALAM LUMBANRAJA ◽  
HAMIM SUDARSONO ◽  
KUSWANTA FUTAS HIDAYAT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crop Biomass

Abstract. Barus J, Meithasari D, Lumbanraja J, Sudarsono H, Hidayat KF, Dermiyati. 2021. Soil mesofauna amount and diversity by returning fresh and compost of crops biomass waste in ultisols in-situ. Biodiversitas 21: 92-98. Newly added organic matter to the soil often has no significant effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. However, the addition of organic matter greatly affects the abundance and diversity of living organisms in the soil, because the addition of organic matter is one of the sources of food. The aim of this research was to study the impact of returning crop biomass waste in fresh or compost forms on the abundance and diversity of soil mesofauna. Three types of crop biomass residues (i.e. maize stover, rice straw, and soybean stover) were used at doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 t ha-1. Mesofauna observations were carried out three times, namely at two weeks after biomass waste application (before planting rice), at eight weeks (there were rice plants in the soil), and at fourteen weeks (after rice harvest). The soil sample for mesofauna observation was dry extracted using a Berlese funnel set up, and to calculate and identified using a binocular microscope. The result showed that the number and diversity of mesofauna in the addition of compost was higher than that of fresh biomass waste. Increasing the dose of biomass waste has an effect on increasing the number and diversity of soil mesofauna. The presence of rice plants in the soil at the time of observation also affected the abundance of soil mesofauna.

scholarly journals Emergent patterns from probabilistic generalizations of lateral activation and inhibition

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (118) ◽  
pp. 20151077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Willis ◽  
Alexandre Kabla
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Great Insight ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Living Organisms

The combination of laterally activating and inhibiting feedbacks is well known to spontaneously generate spatial organization. It was introduced by Gierer and Meinhardt as an extension of Turing's great insight that two reacting and diffusing chemicals can spontaneously drive spatial morphogenesis per se . In this study, we develop an accessible nonlinear and discrete probabilistic model to study simple generalizations of lateral activation and inhibition. By doing so, we identify a range of modes of morphogenesis beyond the familiar Turing-type modes; notably, beyond stripes, hexagonal nets, pores and labyrinths, we identify labyrinthine highways, Kagome lattices, gyrating labyrinths and multi-colour travelling waves and spirals. The results are discussed within the context of Turing's original motivating interest: the mechanisms which underpin the morphogenesis of living organisms.

Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Monitored Sites in the Grampians, Western Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kennedy ◽  
G Weste
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Steep Slopes

The effects of invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi were measured on sites representing the larger forest regions of the Grampians. Changes were obvious at first, with the death of more than 50% of the species including large plants such as Xanthorrhoea australis, but soon became dificult to detect as susceptible species were replaced by field-resistant graminoids. Reductions were assessed in species heterogeneity and plant density during 1976, at the onset of disease and from 1977 to 1984. Susceptible species disappeared from infested forest and no re-emergence was observed. Less-susceptible plants such as some Euca/yptus spp. declined in number, regeneration and size, due to deaths or dieback of the branches. Reductions in tree canopy and the loss of structural dominants of the understorey caused changes in the flora which are likely to persist. The survival of rare, susceptible endemic species may be endangered. On dry, steep slopes the dead plants were not replaced and the amount of bare ground increased causing erosion of the soil surface. Some graminoid species increased in abundance on level, infested sites, resulting in a different species composition but with both species heterogeneity and plant density numerically similar to the previous flora.

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