scholarly journals Гистоархитектоника паренхимы лимфатических узлов млекопитающих с различными типами строения внутриузлового лимфатического русла

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Gavrilin ◽  
E.G. Gavrilina ◽  
V.V. Evert
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lymphatic Channel ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Medullary Cords

<p>The article analyzes the features of the histoarchitectonics of the lymph nodes of the bull (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus scrofa domestica), depending on the type of structure and localization of the intranodal lymphatic channel. We studied somatic (Limphonodi (L.) cervicales superficiales) and visceral (L. jejunales) lymph nodes of clinically healthy mature male bulls and swine (16 and 6 months old, respectively). A complex of classical histological techniques was used, as well as the method of impregnating sections of lymph nodes with silver nitrate, modified by the authors. The main accumulative-distribution link in the lymph nodes of the bull is the subcapsular sinus (type I lymphatic collector), and in the lymph nodes of the pig - the capsular (intratrabecular) lymphatic tanks (type II lymphatic colector). In nodes with collectors of type I, the cortex has a simple layered structure, its outer layer is formed by a compact cortical plateau (interfollicular zone), and the inner layer is formed by a complex of spherical units of the deep cortex. In nodes with collectors of type II, the cortex is layered-folded, uneven in width. Cortical folds are formed along the capsular trabeculae with intratrabecular lymphatic tanks. The cortex plateau in the layered-folded cortex is more developed at the base of the folds, and the units of the deep cortex are at their apexes, where they form clusters in the form of specific nest-shaped structures. In nodes, regardless of the type of intranodal lymphatic channel, the surface cortex (cortical plateau) is located directly under the underlying lymphatic collectors, repeating their shape, the zones of clonal proliferation of B-lymphocytes are formed along the main collector on the basis of cortical plateau and its derivative structures (on the basis of paracortical and medullary cords). The zones of proliferation of T-lymphocytes are maximally close to the main collector, separated from it by a strip of cortical plateau, form a complex of spherical thickenings, which together form a deep cortex. The stroma and parenchyma are more developed in the nodes with collectors of type II (cumulative relative volume of stroma – 9-14% and 6-10%, parenchyma – 80-87% and 70-81%, respectively), and lymphatic sinuses - in nodes with collectors of I type (13-20% and 4-6% respectively). In the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of both groups, the zones of proliferation of T-lymphocytes predominate (the centers of deep cortex units are 27-42%), as well as the zones of accumulation of plasma cells and antibody formation (medullary cords – 17-29%), the first of which are more developed in the pig, and the latter at the nodes of the bull. The cumulative relative volume of the interfollicular zone (cortical plateau) in the studied nodes does not exceed 6-11%, and the zone of clonal proliferation of B lymphocytes (lymph nodulus) is 5-14%. These zones are more developed in the lymph nodes of the pig. Paracortical cords have the minimum and practically equivalent relative volume in the nodes of both groups (3-5%). The study shows that the principles of localization of the main specialized cellular zones in the lymph nodes of the domestic bull and the pig are universal, and the histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma has a clearly expressed specificity. Features of the histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma and its quantitative characteristics are determined by the type of structure of the intranodal lymphatic channel (the character of the localization and spatial configuration of the main accumulative-distributive unit of the nodes). </p>

scholarly journals The compartments of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes in newborn bull calves of domestic cattle (Bos taurus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
P. N. Gavrilin ◽  
О. G. Gavrilina ◽  
M. V. Kravtsovа
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Lymphocyte Migration ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
High Level ◽  
Medullary Cords

The article analyzes the features of the structure of the lymphoid lobules of the parenchyma of the superficial somatic (Limphonodi subiliaci, L. cervicales superficiales), profund somatic (L. axillares proprii L. poplitei), somatovisceral (L. iliaci mediales, L. retropharyngei mediales) and visceral (L. mediastinales caudales, L. ileocolici) lymph nodes of newborn bull calves of domestic cattle. To visualize clearly the boundaries of the structural components of lymphoid lobules we used the author’s modification of the impregnation of total median frozen histological sections with silver nitrate. We have established a high level of tissue differentiation of the lymph nodes, a significant development of the lymphoid parenchyma, the division of the parenchyma into lymphoid lobules, the presence in the lobules of all the main structural components that are represented by two morphotypes. The first morphotype is ribbon-like perisinusoidal cords (interfollicular zone, paracortical and medullary cords). The second morphotype is rounded lymphoid formations (central zones of deep cortex units, lymphatic nodules). Lymphoid lobules are located along the marginal sinus in one row, they are better developed and differentiated in the visceral lymph nodes. In all the lymph nodes, the lymphoid lobules have a similar histoarchitectonic, and each structural component of the lymphoid lobules has a specific architectonic of the reticular meshwork and the density of the location of the fibroblastic reticulocytes. We determined that the structures of the first morphotype which provide the migration of lymphocytes, the detection of antigens and the accumulation of plasmocytes are more developed. We have established that the relative volume of structures of the first morphotype is 4.5–8.0 times larger than the volume of the structures of the second morphotype, which provide clonal proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, especially in deep somatic lymph nodes. Among the zones of the second morphotype, predominate T-dependent zones, the relative volume of which considerably exceeds the volume of B-dependent zones (lymphoid nodules): in the superficial somatic lymph nodes by 14–30 times, profound somatic by 12–14 times, somatovisceral by 6–7 times and visceral by 4.5–5.5 times. We determined that lymphatic nodules can form in different parts of compartments: in the interfollicular zone and paracortical cords of all lymph nodes and in the medullary cords of the visceral lymph nodes. The study shows that the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of newborn bull calves has a high degree of maturity, contains a full set of structural markers of immunocompetence, among which predominate the components that support lymphocyte migration, antigen detection and accumulation of plasma cells.

scholarly journals Structural and functional units of parenchyma of lymph nodes of drometaries (Camelus dromedarius)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Gavrilin ◽  
O. G. Gavrilina ◽  
V. V. Brygadyrenko ◽  
D. E. Rahmoun
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Type I ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Relative Capacity ◽  
Cell Cell

This article analyzes patterns of structural and functional organization of the parenchyma of different groups of lymph nodes, structural features of their connective tissue frame and lymphatic sinuses. We studied superficial and deep somatic (Limphonodi mandibulares, L. cervicales superficiales, L. axillares proprii, L. poplitei), somatovisceral (L. retropharyngei mediales, L. iliaci mediales), visceral (L. mediastinales caudales, L. jejunales) features of mature male drometaries (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758). We used a complex of traditional macroscopic and histological techniques, and also immunohistochemical staining of lymph node sections for identifying the features of localization of T- and B-lymphocyte populations in the parenchyma of the nodes. We found that the parenchyma of camels’ lymph nodes is characterized by a spongy type structure in the form of a complex of partly concrescent round-oval fragments of lymphoid tissue, surrounded by large lymphatic spaces (sinuses). The connective tissue frame of the lymph nodes is represented by a two-layer (connective tissue-muscular) capsule and two types of trabeculae: two-layered (connective-muscular, type I), which contain blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as lymphatic cysternas, and a single-layered, formed only by a smooth muscular system (type II). Intranodal lymphatic sinuses are subdivided into subcapsular, peritrabecular and medullary sinuses. The subcapsular sinuses and sinuses related to trabeculae of type I and their branching are the most developed. At the tissue level, the lymph node parenchyma has a clearly manifested lobular structure. Lymphoid lobules in the lymph node parenchyma are positioned diffusely (mosaically) and consist of four main cellular zones: transit and cell-cell interaction (analogous to the cortical plateau), clonal proliferation of T- and, respectively, B-lymphocytes (deep cortex units, lymphatic nodules), accumulation of plasmocytes and synthesis of antibodies (brain cords). The lymphoid lobes (compartments) of the lymph nodes parenchyma are bipolar, their tops formed by the zones of transit and cell-cell interaction, and also by the zones of proliferation of B lymphocytes, and the bases by a complex of brain cords (zone of accumulation of plasmocytes and synthesis of antibodies). The zone of T-lymphocytes proliferation is in intermediate position and underlies the subunits of the parenchyma. The tops of the lymphoid lobes are located along the sinuses of the trabeculae of type I and the bases along the sinuses of the trabeculae of type II, which form the efferent lymphatic vessels. The maximum relative capacity of all studied lymph nodes was typical for zones of plasmocyte accumulation and synthesis of antibodies (19–27%), the minimum capacity was typical for transit and cell-cell interaction zones (3–8%). The relative capacity of zones of clonal proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes in most lymph nodes was 1.5–3.0 times less than that of the zone of plasmocyte accumulation and antibody formation and was, respectively, 8–16% and 9–18%. The study showed that the structure of the lymph nodes parenchyma of drometaries is not absolutely unique. As in other mammal species, it is subdivided into specialized cell zones which are connected in lymphoid lobules. Specific features of parenchyma structure include: diffuse (mosaic) location of lymphoid lobules; absence of signs of regulated localization of lymphoid lobules relative to the capsule and the sinus bordering the nodes. 

scholarly journals Prenatal morphogenesis of compartments of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of domestic cattle (Bos taurus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Gavrilin ◽  
M. A. Lieshchova ◽  
O. G. Gavrilina ◽  
T. F. Boldyreva
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Marginal Sinus ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Clonal Proliferation

The article analyzes the regularities of the formation and development of the lymphoid lobules of the parenchyma of the somatic (Limphonodi cervicales superficiales) and visceral (L. jejunales) lymph nodes in domestic cattle in the fetal period of ontogenesis. We used routine histological techniques and author's modification of the impregnation of total median sections with silver nitrate. Visualization of various zones of lymphoid lobules was carried out taking into account the specific for different cell zones architectonics of reticular fibers. It has been established that signs of morphological heterogeneity of parenchyma of lymph nodes are first found in three month-old fetuses, which is associated with the concentration of lymphoid tissue along the marginal sinus. Separation of lymphoid lobules and their structural and functional differentiation are first detected in five month fetuses. In the lymphoid lobules of five month-old fetuses all structural and functional cell zones are observable, among which the regions of clonal proliferation of T and B lymphocytes are the least developed, and regions of the transit corridors for lymphocytes migrating medullary and the cords (zone of potential accumulation of plasmocytes and antibody formation) are the most developed. Structural and functional transformations of compartments in the prenatal period of ontogenesis are accompanied by a predominantly moderate increase of the relative volume of specialized T- and B-dependent zones of lobules, against a background of a gradual decrease of the volume of transit corridors for lymphocytes migrating and zone of potential accumulation of plasmocytes and antibody formation. Due to the small volume and relatively low rates of development of the lymphocytes clonal proliferation zones, the quantitative ratios of the cellular zones in lymphoid lobules of the lymph nodes of domestic cattle in prenatal ontogenesis remain relatively stable, while maintaining the maximum indices of the development of transit corridors for lymphocytes migration and medullary cords. Among the zones of lymphocytes clonal proliferation throughout the fetal period, T-dependent zones predominate, the relative volume of which is 5.0–7.5 times greater than the volume of B-dependent zones. Lymphoid lobules in the lymph nodes of the domestic cattle fetuses of all age groups are arranged along the marginal sinus in one row and have a polar structure due to the formation of lymph nodes at one pole of the lobules in the interfollicular zone. In the visceral lymph nodes (L. jejunum) of 8–9 month-old fetuses, individual lymph nodes can form in paracortical strands, on the border with the interfollicular zone.

scholarly journals A mycobacterial 65-kD heat shock protein induces antigen-specific suppression of adjuvant arthritis, but is not itself arthritogenic.

1990 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Billingham ◽  
S Carney ◽  
R Butler ◽  
M J Colston
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Mycobacterial Cell ◽  
Mycobacterial Cell Wall ◽  
Self Antigen ◽  
Induce Arthritis

A recombinant (r)65-kD protein from Mycobacterium leprae, at levels far in excess of those present in whole mycobacteria, was unable to induce arthritis. Even when combined with a synthetic adjuvant, CP20961, to mimic the peptidoglycan adjuvant component of the mycobacterial cell wall, the r65-kD protein failed to induce arthritis. Pretreatment with as little as 1 microgram r65-kD protein protected rats against arthritis induced by M. tuberculosis, but this r65-kD protein was markedly less able to protect against arthritis induced by the synthetic adjuvant, CP20961, or type II collagen. The r65-kD protein appears, therefore, to produce an antigen-specific protection against arthritis induced by bacterial cell walls containing the 65-kD protein. Such protection can be overcome, however, by arthritogenic T lymphocytes, suggesting that protection occurs by preventing clonal proliferation of autoreactive T lymphocytes that are induced by the adjuvant properties of mycobacterial cell walls. How the r65-kD protein abrogates this particular adjuvant activity, and the nature of the arthritogenic self antigen(s), remain to be elucidated.

Molecular Cloning of DOCK10/Zizimin3, a Novel Cdc42/Rac-Interacting Protein Specifically Induced by IL4 in B Lymphocytes.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 939-939
Author(s):  
Estefania Yelo ◽  
Lourdes Gimeno ◽  
Maria Victoria Bernardo ◽  
Maria Juliana Majado ◽  
Maria Rocio Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
B Cell Differentiation ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL4) induces proliferation, differentiation and survival of B lymphocytes. IL4 protects CLL B cells from death by apoptosis. Gene expression analysis suggest that IL4 pathways are activated in CLL cells. We have identified DOCK10/Zizimin3 as an IL4-induced gene in CLL cells, and have obtained its full length sequence after cloning 1960 bp at its 5′ terminus by RACE-PCR. The human DOCK10/ZIZ3 sequence coded for a protein with 2180 amino acids and a predicted Mr of 250K. DOCK10/ZIZ3 shared homology with the other two members of the Zizimin family, and is the largest among them: DOCK9/ZIZ1 (2069 amino acids) and DOCK11/ZIZ2 (2073 amino acids) are 52% and 50% identical, respectively, to DOCK10/ZIZ3, and 58% identical between them. DOCK10 was predominantly expressed in hematopoietic tissues, particularly in peripheral blood (PB), but also in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. Among the PB subpopulations, DOCK10 was expressed in B and T lymphocytes and, at lower levels, in monocytes. DOCK10 was also expressed in several non-hematopoietic tissues, most significantly in brain and kidney. Its homologue DOCK9, compared to DOCK10, was predominantly expressed in placenta, and less significantly in hematopoietic tissues, particularly in B lymphocytes and monocytes. DOCK11, like DOCK10, was predominantly expressed in PB. Compared to DOCK10, DOCK11 was expressed more prominently in placenta, thyroid and PB monocytes, and less significantly in brain and lymph nodes. Therefore, each of the Zizimin family members had a specific tissue distribution. Among the three genes, only DOCK10 was induced by IL4 in CLL cells in vitro. Induction of DOCK10 by IL4 was a common event in CLL, since it was observed in 10 out of 10 cases. IL4 also induced DOCK10 expression in normal PB B lymphocytes, suggesting that DOCK10 induction by IL4 in CLL cells may be normal, rather than pathological. Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide which mapped at the N terminus of DOCK10, detected a band of the expected size of 250K. Interestingly, IL4 did not induce DOCK10 expression in CD4 or CD8 T lymphocytes in vitro. Expression of DOCK10 was also studied in 4 B-ALL, 2 T-ALL, and 1 T-CLL. DOCK10 neither was expressed at significant levels nor induced by IL4 in vitro in these patients, except for a weak induction in a common B-ALL case, suggesting that expression of DOCK10, and its induction with IL4, may be restricted to certain stages of B cell differentiation, and/or certain B cell malignancies. DOCK10 was distributed both in cytosolic and nuclear extracts of CLL cells, and IL4 increased its expression in both compartments. K562 clones stably transfected with DOCK10 using the inducible tet-off expression system showed significantly higher levels of DOCK10 in cytoplasm than in nucleus. Immunofluoresce analysis of HA-tagged DOCK10 K562 clones showed preferent staining of the cytoplasm, and dotted structures were frequently observed. GST-pulldown assays showed that DOCK10 bound to nucleotide-free (nf) Cdc42, but not to GTP- or GDP-loaded Cdc42. In addition, DOCK10 bound to nf Rac1, albeit with less affinity than to Cdc42. DOCK10 did not bind to RhoA. These results suggest that, like DOCK9 and DOCK11, DOCK10 may act as a novel Cdc42 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and, in addition, as a Rac1 GEF.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Mucosal Adjuvanticity of the Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins LT-IIa and LT-IIb

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Martin ◽  
Daniel J. Metzger ◽  
Suzanne M. Michalek ◽  
Terry D. Connell ◽  
Michael W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Heat Labile

ABSTRACT Cholera toxin (CT) and the heat-labile enterotoxin ofEscherichia coli (LT-I) are members of the serogroup I heat-labile enterotoxins (HLT) and can serve as systemic and mucosal adjuvants. However, information is lacking with respect to the structurally related but antigenically distinct serogroup II HLT, LT-IIa and LT-IIb, which have different binding specificities for ganglioside receptors. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of LT-IIa and LT-IIb as mucosal adjuvants in comparison to the prototypical type I HLT, CT. BALB/c mice were immunized by the intranasal (i.n.) route with the surface protein adhesin AgI/II ofStreptococcus mutans alone or supplemented with an adjuvant amount of CT, LT-IIa, or LT-IIb. Antigen-specific antibody responses in saliva, vaginal wash, and plasma were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice given AgI/II with LT-IIa or LT-IIb by the i.n. route had significantly higher mucosal and systemic antibody responses than mice immunized with AgI/II alone. Anti-AgI/II immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody activity in saliva and vaginal secretions of mice given AgI/II with LT-IIa or LT-IIb was statistically similar in magnitude to that seen in mice given AgI/II and CT. LT-IIb significantly enhanced the number of AgI/II-specific antibody-secreting cells in the draining superficial cervical lymph nodes compared to LT-IIa and CT. LT-IIb and CT induced significantly higher plasma anti-AgI/II IgG titers compared to LT-IIa. When LT-IIb was used as adjuvant, the proportion of plasma IgG2a relative to IgG1 anti-AgI/II antibody was elevated in contrast to the predominance of IgG1 antibodies promoted by AgI/II alone or when CT or LT-IIa was used. In vitro stimulation of AgI/II-specific cells from the superficial lymph nodes and spleen revealed that LT-IIa and LT-IIb induced secretion of interleukin-4 and significantly higher levels of gamma interferon compared to CT. These results demonstrate that the type II HLT LT-IIa and LT-IIb exhibit potent and distinct adjuvant properties for stimulating immune responses to a noncoupled protein immunogen after mucosal immunization.

The architecture of the lymph nodes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities of wild boar

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeþim Akaydin Bozkurt ◽  
Sevinç Ateþ ◽  
Tolunay Kozlu ◽  
Feyza Baþak
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Follicular Dendritic Cells ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
General Localization

The distrubition of lymph nodes located in the abdominal and thoracic cavities of ten wild boars, and their structure were determined anatomically, histologically and immunohistochemically, to be the first detailed investigation on the wild boar. Though general localization and distribution were similar, the number of lymph nodes showed small differences from those of domestic pig. Histological investigations did not reveal a significant hilus. Besides, T lymphocytes with anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, B lymphocytes with anti-CD79a, macrophages with anti-macrophage monoclonal antibodies, and follicular dendritic cells using anti-S100 polyclonal antibody and their distrubution in the lymph nodes were detected. Many CD3 positive T lymphocytes were observed in the germinal center of the lymph follicles, in the cortical area and in the medulla. CD8 positive T lymphocytes were few, and CD4 positive T lymphocytes were not seen. CD79 positive cells were scanty.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular composition of the immune system of lymph nodes in acute appendicitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
Jakub Żurawski ◽  
Patrycja Talarska ◽  
Stanisław Łazowski ◽  
Marcin Grochowalski ◽  
Jacek Karoń
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Muscle Membrane

Introduction. There is not much data about the composition of populations of the immune system in acute appendicitis. The basic histopathological criterion for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is neutrophil infiltration of the muscle membrane. Aim. The subject of this publication is a semi-quantitative evaluation of B lymphocytes (CD20+), T lymphocytes (CD3+) and macrophages (CD68+), and the determination of the number of active lymph nodes during the course of inflammation.Material and Methods. The study material was obtained from 79 patients who had an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis. In this group, the tissue was obtained from: 34 women (aged 20 to 91) and 45 men (aged 20 to 72).Results. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. Independent of the type of inflammation, the cellular make-up of the nodes is similar. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent.Conclusions. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent. A statistically significant number of the examined cells of the immunological system in the lymph nodes changed due to inflammation (p<0.001). B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and in the mucous membrane of the appendix differed depending on the sex, and the presence of B lymphocytes in the mucous membrane was significantly higher in the group of 20-40 years of age. T lymphocytes were predominant in the centres of the lymph nodes in groups 20-40 and 61-91 years of age, and in the peripheral zones in the group of 41-60 years of age.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Assessment of Immune Response in the Dermis of Sarcoptes scabiei—Infested Wild Carnivores (Wolf and Fox) and Ruminants (Chamois and Red Deer)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1146
Author(s):  
Ileana Z. Martínez ◽  
Álvaro Oleaga ◽  
Irene Sojo ◽  
María José García-Iglesias ◽  
Claudia Pérez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Type I ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Wild Mammals

Sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and has been described in several species of domestic and wild mammals. Macroscopic lesions are predominantly hyperkeratotic (type I hypersensitivity) in fox, chamois and deer, but alopecic (type IV hypersensitivity) in wolf and some fox populations. To begin to understand the immune processes underlying these species differences in lesions, we examined skin biopsies from wolves (Canis lupus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infested with S. scabiei. Twenty skin samples from five animals per species were used. Sections were immuno-stained with primary antibodies against Iba1 to detect macrophages, lambda chain to detect plasma cells, CD3 to detect T lymphocytes and CD20 to detect B lymphocytes. Skin lesions contained significantly more inflammatory cells in the fox than in the wolf and chamois. Macrophages were the most abundant inflammatory cells in the lesions of all the species studied, suggesting a predominantly innate, non-specific immune response. Lesions from the wolf contained higher proportions of macrophages than the other species, which may reflect a more effective response, leading to alopecic lesions. In red deer, macrophages were significantly more abundant than plasma cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which were similarly abundant. The fox proportion of plasma cells was significantly higher than those of T and B lymphocytes. In chamois, T lymphocytes were more abundant than B lymphocytes and plasma cells, although the differences were significant only in the case of macrophages. These results suggest that all the species examined mount a predominantly innate immune response against S. scabiei infestation, while fox and chamois may also mount substantial humoral and cellular immune responses, respectively, with apparently scarce effectiveness that lead to hyperkeratotic lesions.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Induction and Function of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Natural Killer T Cell

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyasu Ito ◽  
Mitsuru Seishima
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Nkt Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
And Function ◽  
Natural Killer T

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a crucial role in the infections and the antitumor immunity. Induction and activation of antigen-specific CTLs is an important strategy in immunotherapy for various diseases, and several researchers have focused on the modulation of CTL induction and function. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are an important focus area of researchers studying immunomodulatory responses to tumors and infectious diseases. CD1d-restricted NKT cells consist of type I NKT cells and type II NKT cells. -galactosylceramide (-GalCer)-activated type I NKT cells secrete both Th1 (e.g., IFN-) and Th2 cytokines, affect the expression of costimulatory molecules in immune cells, and regulate the host immune system. Type II NKT cells, however, are stimulated by sulfatide, a self-glycolipid derived from myelin, and play an immunosuppressive role in animal model of autoimmune diseases. CTL generation, activation, and suppression are strongly affected by activated type I and type II NKT cells. Thus, the regulation of these NKT cells leads to the modification of CTL function. CTLs contribute to antimicrobial responses, antitumor immune and autoimmune responses. Understanding the role of NKT cells in the regulation of CTL generation, activation, and suppression enable the development of novel treatment strategies for these diseases.

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