scholarly journals History of weaving in Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Shahla Mammadova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Bone Tools ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Interesting Part ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Mesolithic Period ◽  
Clay Pots

One of the interesting part of craftsmanship is weaving and its’ history is very ancient. The article was dedicated to history of weaving in Azerbaijan. Archaeological materials which concern to weaving were unearthed during the excavations last decade are very significant for the history of craftsmanship. From Neolothic to Medieval period weaving had been developed and catched its’ industrial high. Archaeological materials give us an opportunity to describe a life of weavers in ancient times in Azerbaijan. According to weaving, abundance of raw material reserves in Azerbaijan territories have rich development since ancient times.First of all, there are included wild technical plants as well as lagh, linen, hemp mallow, nettle and etc. Along with this, development of cattle-breeding especially weaving and existence of main raw material reserves,wool should be emphasized. According to researches, early step of weaving was connected with simple technical habits in weaving field. Archaeologists suppose that bone tools with sharp edge which were found at “Firuz” camp in Qobustan of the Mesolithic period are related to elementary weaving. So that, actually we can’t deny the fact of appearance of initial habits in weaving field before the Neolithic period.Afterwards, habits obtained in weaving stimulated formation of weaving in the Neolithic period.In the Neolithic period and in the Eneolithic period that had replaced it, weaving became one of the significant fields for home craftsmen. As is known, at that time fields as home craftsmen’s stoneprocessing, boneprocessing, ceramics production, leather and peltprocessing, metalprocessing were spread widely. Actually, development of weaving was closely connected with most of above said fields of craftsmanship.There was defined existance of traces of mattings made from clay and reed at Kultepe I near to Nakhchivan city and Alikomektepesi monument in Mugan. There are remains of textile and matting on sceletons and on surface of clay pots in opened ground graves. In addition, there are found remains of mattings on clay floors of buildings of Alikomektepesi settlement.

The Pottery Technology from Bukit Tengkorak, a 3000–5000 Year Old Site in Borneo, Malaysia

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Vandiver ◽  
Stephen Chia
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Rock Shelter ◽  
Pottery Technology ◽  
Prehistoric Pottery ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Pottery Sherds

Bukit Tengkorak (Scull Hill) is a Neolithic period rock shelter complex and prehistoric pottery production site in southeastern Sabah, about 5 miles southwest of Semporna in Borneo, Malaysia at GPS N 4 7 20.08 and E 118 37 04.3. It was excavated for a 5-week season in 1995 and another in 1994 by a joint University of Science and Sabah Museum team under the direction of S. Chia. Two areas with volcanic outcrops about 10 meters apart were excavated. A total of 6 one-meter squares, three in each area, were excavated in 5 cm layers. The three rock shelter trenches, G17, G19 and J19, were excavated to the base of undisturbed cultural deposits, about one and one half meters deep. The main archaeological materials excavated from these squares comprised pottery sherds, stone tools, molluscs and fish and animal bones. Thick layers of ash, measuring 50 to 80 cm, were associated with the pottery sherds in the three rock shelter squares, suggesting that they could have been the remnant of an open pit kiln or pit kilns used for firing the pottery. In the lower outcrop, the three trenches R13, S37 and T38, were excavated near earlier archaeological excavation by Bellwood (1). Our excavation in this area revealed large deposits of clays not found elsewhere in this locale that were probably brought to the shelter to be used as raw material for making pottery. No food remains such as animal and fish bones or unworked shells were found in this area, leading credence to the interpretation of this as a craft working area for the production of pottery and stone and shell tools.

scholarly journals Wood as a chemical raw material. History and modernity. III. Wood pyrolysis as processing method

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-141
Author(s):  
G.N. Kononov ◽  
◽  
A.N. Zarubina ◽  
A.N. Verevkin ◽  
V.D. Zaytsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wood Pyrolysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material History ◽  
Ancient Times

The article is devoted to the history of pyrogenetic wood processing. The stages of development of this branch of wood chemistry from ancient times to our time are considered. The features of the technologies of pit, heap and fire coal burning are described in detail. Considered are the schematic diagrams of batch and continuous charcoal kilns, as well as modern retort technologies for pyrolysis of wood and waste of its mechanical and chemical processing. This article is the third in the series «Wood as a chemical raw material — history and modernity», the first and second were published in the journal «Forestry Bulletin», volumes 24, № 1 and № 5.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PAPER ADDITIVE TO AVANOS POTTERY CLAY AND ARTISTIC CERAMIC APPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (62) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Red Soil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ceramic Clay

The lands of Anatolia we have been embracing as our homeland with the history of thousands of years hosted many cultures throughout the centuries. Art of ceramics inherited by us from these cultures has been revealed as various materials in every period of our lives. Archaeological excavations show that our history of ceramics dated to the Neolithic period. In Anatolia, embracing such a rich cultural history, many manufacturing centers in the field of traditional pottery still do exist. Avanos, among those centers, is a district of the province of Nevşehir located in the Central Anatolia region. Established on both shores of Kızılırmak, the district is one of the substantial settlements of the region known as Cappadocia. Due to the red soil of Kızılırmak, it contributed to the birth and development to the greatest extent of pottery within the region. The red soil of Avanos region provides opportunities for various research within the field of ceramics technology. In the study “paperclay”, which is also the subject matter of this study, the clay of Avanos region has been used. The paper containing clay is named as “paperclay” in English and takes part in the ceramic terminology with the same nomenclature. It is obtained by adding certain ratios of paper into the ceramic clay upon processing through various stages. In comparison of the paper containing clay with the traditional clay, it reveals numerous superior features. Based on the fact that cellulose, the raw material of the paper, forms a reticular structure in the clay, it eliminates the adverse effects such as fissures and cracking that may occur during drying. Paper containing clays are preferred by ceramic artists due to their positive features such as the large-sized ceramic form work facilitating the works and lightweight after kilned. The natural clay used in the Avanos pottery does not allow large-sized works as it results in fissures and cracking particularly as a result of rapid kilning during the artistic practices. Therefore, various tests have been conducted by adding paper in different ratios into the red clay used in Avanos pottery. Artistic practices have been performed based on the outcomes of the tests. Keywords: Art ceramics, clay, papercaly

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL ALGORITHMS OF THE PASTORAL MODEL OF METAL PRODUCTION IN THE STEPPE REGIONS OF NORTH EURASIA IN THE BRONZE AGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Bogdanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Ore Preparation ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
North Eurasia ◽  
Mining Model

The original model of metal production was realized in the steppe of North Eurasia since 4th to 2nd millenium BC. It was characterized by unique features of the natural-climatic, territorial, economic-cultural (cattle-breeding) production system. Also, it was notable for specifics of ore preparation for melting using the pyrotechnic method (beneficiating and fining fire under temperatures to 1 000°C), and the chemical approach (oxidation by potash), recovery of cooper in reverberatory furnaces with segregation of smelted metals on the pyroxene or olivine slag box above and the whole pancake-shaped ingot of blister recovered cooper (93–98 % Cu; 0,5–2 % Fe; 0,5–1,5 % S and others) on the bottom of an iron mold. Various stages of the mining and smelting industry had a seasonal character and correlated with cattle-breeding cycles. In the steppe of North Eurasia, different variants of the pasturable model had existed for several millennia, combining the two largest metal-production systems of the Old World — Circum-Pontic Metallurgical Country (CPMC) and Eurasian Metallurgical Country (EAMP). The final stages of the metal tools production industry connected with molding and forging processing of items varied substantially in different cultures. Still, basic technological algorithms of cooper production had slightly evolved during the Early Metal epoch. In the steppe of North Eurasia, the metallurgical boom exhausted accessible deposits of resources traditional for 4th–2nd millenium BC, for example, sulfide ore (chalcocite and other minerals) in cooper slates and silica-carbonate metal (chrysocolla and others) in copper sandstones of the Late Permian deposits as well as secondary sulfides of “chalcocite horizons” in zones of secondary concentration of principal deposits. It led to the development of Chalcopyrite raw material of copper-pyrite deposits. The boom was connected with the activity of the Srubnaya and Alakulskaya culture’s miners in the Late Bronze Age. Chalcopyrites processing was based on technological algorithms of the pastoral mining model and metallurgical production had been formed before, in the second half of the 2nd millenium BC. Besides the involvement of practically inexhaustible resources of cooper stuff into the metallurgical division, it led to receiving a byproduct — iron and refinery slag. Theoretical points stated in the paper have been verified by archaeological materials, data of scientific analysis and a series of successful archaeological-metallurgical experiments in 2018–2020.

Life as a Raw Material: Illusions of Control

Somatechnics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oron Catts ◽  
Ionat Zurr
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Short History ◽  
Know How ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The paper discusses and critiques the concept of the single engineering paradigm. This concepts allude to a future in which the control of matter and life, and life as matter, will be achieved by applying engineering principles; through nanotechnology, synthetic biology and, as some suggest, geo-engineering, cognitive engineering and neuro-engineering. We outline some issues in the short history of the field labelled as Synthetic Biology. Furthermore; we examine the way engineers, scientists, designers and artists are positioned and articulating the use of the tools of Synthetic Biology to expose some of the philosophical, ethical and political forces and considerations of today as well as some future scenarios. We suggest that one way to enable the possibilities of alternative frames of thought is to open up the know-how and the access to these technologies to other disciplines, including artistic.

History of thyroid surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

The authors present an outline of the development of thyroid surgery from the ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century, when the definitive surgical technique have been developed and the physiologic and pathopfysiologic consequences of thyroid resections have been described. The key representatives, as well as the contribution of the most influential czech surgeons are mentioned.

HAJJ AND THE RULERS OF

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
D.X. Sangirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

Revered since ancient times, the concept of "sacred place" in the middle ages rose to a new level. The article analyzes one of the important issues of this time - Hajj (pilgriamge associated with visiting Mecca and its surroundings at a certain time), which is one of pillars of Islam and history of rulers who went on pilgrimage

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